Child labour Essay

AbstractIt has been observed over decades that, want squeezes unfortunate families to air their nipperren to expire, which results in a serious line the humankind is facing nowadays. tiddler tire bay window leave many severe consequences on peasantren and their families. When pip-squeakren urinate, it does not mean as a standard, they bind their families economically, neither all of them get paid for their survey since many of them work as bonded savvy or as slaves. In addition to that, they face many problems which may cause permanent damage to their peasanthood. pincerren normally work to contribute and ply financial support to their families. Their health is often ignored by their p argonnts or they may not be aw are about their tykerens health. This paper illust rank how both India and Nigeria energise adopt rightfulnesss and regulations to eliminate churl dig up. However despite all the efforts, fry parturiency and the factors thatinfluence the incid ence of kid labour tarrys to be prevalent.The results from this weigh explain the reasons which forces barbarianren to work, s standtness. This paper besides draws conclusion that presidencys, societies, and communities should cooperate in a better way with each other to decrease infant labour. Possible and innovate solutions and suggestions are arose at the end of this paper.Keywords sister labour, poverty, education, India, Nigeria, governments, Inter content labour organizations1 IntroductionFor many years, child labour has been 1 of the biggest obstacles to social development. It is a challenge and long-term goal in many countries to abolish all forms of child labour. Especially in developing countries, it is considered as a serious issue these days. Child labour refers to children who miss their childhood and are not able to establish the basic amenities which a child should progress to. lately the International Labour memorial tablet (ILO,2013) estimated there ar e around 215 million children between the ages phoebe bird to fourteen who works worldwide. They are often mistreated and work for prolonged hours, in very bad conditions. This can affect their health physically, mentally and emotionally. These children do not subscribe the basic rights like access to domesticate or health care.According to ILO (2013) the macroscopicst bites of child labourers are working in hazardous work and the total minute of child workers is increasing, even though it is forbidden by law. These children are vulnerable to diseases and they grapple with long-term physical and psychological pain. The main cause that induces children to work is poverty. These children work for their survival and their families. (Mapaure, 2009).Some studies like Dessy and Pallage (2003) consider not all the work that children do is harmful or brutal.Some work may provide successful learning opportunities, such(prenominal) as babysitting or freshlyspaper delivery jobs, but not if the work exposes them to psychological stress, like kind trafficking, prostitution and pornographic activities.The international organizations have made enormous efforts to eliminate child labour across the world. Many countries have adoptive legislation to prohibit child labour nonetheless child labour is widespread passim the world. It is not easy task for slump income countries to achieve censor child labour. Several studies and international organizations considered that education is the key strategy in addressing child labour, and it can help children to stay away from work. However not every family can afford to grade their children to school or, even if they enrolled, afford to keep them attending the school.1.2 Research purpose and forefrontsChild labour is a serious problem and a challenge for many developing countries. Many countries have enacted various laws and have taken serious initiatives to eradicate child labour, but stable the problem is very widespr ead throughout the world. This paper critically examined child labour in India and Nigeria and how both governments downstairstake various programs to eradicate child labour through different organizations and agencies. In addition to understanding and investigating different reasons behind the aversion of child labour that has engulfed throughout the world and a brief review on how child labour has so far been studied .Further, this paper states how to contribute to in raising the governments cognisance about the importance of issues related to child labour, education and their living condition. This investigate work addresses a questionWhat are the current patterns in child labour in India and Nigeria now? What kind of policies are adopted to address child labour in India and Nigeria? How does policies adopted relate to previously identified causes?1.3 MethodologyThis study it has been based on a comparative case study between two countries. The comparative rule is going to g ive the investigateers practical tools for analysis and research. This approach allows the researcher to understand when two or more than cases are set against one another(Bryman 2008, p.58). In order to answer research question secondary info is collected through literature material researched from academic books, articles, and spic-and-spans and research reports on child labour, poverty education and public health of child labour. The literature review is mostly based on research papers of different scholars and reports provided by UNICEF, ILO and World Bank in terms of international labour standards and human rights conventions. Secondary data were also extracted from international organisations like the ILO, the UN and the World Bank. This paper attempts to provide with realistic overview of the child labour land site. Peer reviewed online resources and academic articles written by different scholars, were used in this paper to jog the existing child labour policies.1.4 D elimitationSince child labour is an extremely complex phenomenon, this study is limited to examining the nature and extent of child labour gray between five and fourteen years old. The largest number of working children between the ages of five and fourteen involved in economic activities worldwide. The study focuses on the difference of opinion against child labour, and the importance of legislation for working children. This study looks at the two countries India and Nigeria and to describe what policies have already been implemented to tackle child labour. India and Nigeria have been chosen for the study because today, Asia has more child labour in the world, for example India has the largest number of worlds working children with almost every third child be a child labourand every fourth child between the age group of five to cardinal is engaged in some economic activities. While, Nigeria has the highest the incidence of child labourers in Africa. Both countries have been e xperiencing the burden of the phenomenon and difficulties to eradicate it(Bhat& Rather, 2009 Owolabi, 2012).1.5 OutlineThis study is divided into four chapters. Chapter One provides the background of the problem, the purpose of the research question, methodology, delimitations and outline. Chapter Two explores the situation of child labour in India and Nigeria and then explains the problems of enforcing child labour regulations. Chapter Three gives an overview and explanation of child labour- , rural and urban, the differences between boys and girls engaged in economic activity, the link between child labour and poverty, various factors involved in child labour.After a description of the International Legal frameworks of ILO and UNICEF and also describes some of the major international and regional organizations, governments and the work they have done to fight against child labour. Chapter quaternion presents the theoretical framework which gives outline of the causes behind chil d labour,the child labour problems in relation to indigenous schooling and the reasons which makes children drop out of school or not go to school. Chapter Five, the results of the study is reported. In Chapter 6 presents the conclusion.2 BackgroundThe incidence of child labour is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa followed by Asia and the Pacific. The prevalence of child labour is very high in sub-Saharan Africa specially in Nigeria. just about 48 million child laborers across sub-Saharan Africa, including 15 million in Nigeria engaged in child labour (Ajakaye,2013) In Asia and the Pacific is the region with the largest number of child labour, India has the largest number of children in the world (ILO,2012)Child labour is an old phenomenon in both India and Nigeria According to Vaknin(2009), it is traditional in both countries to level a child to work children participated in agricultural and home work. Parents consider that the work help children learn new skills, however t hese children are exposed to hazards and to physical factors.Both countries were colonized by British. Nigeria became a British resolution in 1800 but acquired its independence in 1960. Since independence the country experienced a very red history. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with more than 170 million people. The country has the largest oil and turgidity reserves in sub-Saharan Africa. condescension its oil wealth, however, Nigeria remains highly underdeveloped. Poor governance and subversion have limited infrastructure development and social service delivery and slowing economic process keeping much of the population suffers from extreme poverty (Ploch,2013) In 1612 India became British colony and independent in 1947.India is worlds second most populous country with 1.2 billion people. Indian economy is among the high-speed in the world, however the level of poverty in India is still high with high rate analphabetism rates, disease, and malnutrition and l argest awareness of poor people in the world(Krishna , 2012) In this chapter I look into the child labour situation in India and Nigeria and how government supporting to eliminate child labour.2.1 Child labour in IndiaThe use of child labour is very prevalence in India and the cause is deep rooted with poverty. UNICEF India has estimated 28 million children aged five to fourteen involved in work (UNICEF,2011) Child labour is not a new phenomenon in India where children has always worked. During the industrial revolution child labour increased, due to the shift of labour movements to colonial countries. Children can be found in every sector of the informal economy (Molanka,2008).The incidence of working children in India are engaged in hazardous occupations such as factories manufacturing diamonds, fireworks, silk and carpets, glass and bricks(Waghamode& Kalyan,2013). There are several factors that force children to work such as inadequate economic growth, poverty, un use over popul ation and lose of education and health care (Ahmad,2012).On school attendance in India a large number of children between ten to fourteen years of age are not enrolled in school because of household economic condition. Attendance in school or dropout differs for male and female while boys are more likely to provide financial income for the family, girls are more involved in household chores (Kakoli & Sayeed ,2013).High illiteracy and dropout rates are high in India due to inadequacy of the educational system. Even through many poor families dont see education as a benefit to federation, they consider that work develops skills that can be used to earn income (Ahmed, 2012)2.2 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in India The India government has established various proactive policies towards elimination of child labour. India has not yet ratified ILO multitudes 138 and 182 on banning child labour and eliminating the worst forms of exploitation. However the gover nment of India implemented a child labour law in 1986(The Child Labour Prohibition and economy Act) the legislation sets a minimum age for employment of children at fourteen years and forbid child labour in dangerous sectors. The governing body prohibits pressure and bonded child labour but is not able to enforce this prohibition. The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act does not forbid child labour but consider about regulating it.But and so the law does not eliminate all forms of child labour specially when the vast majority of children under the age of fourteen are working in family farms or doing households (Venkatarangaiya innovation2005).India has a number of child labour projects which have been implemented to help children from hazardous occupations and provide them an education. Including the National Child Labour insurance policy (NCLP) started in 1987. The aim of NCLP is to help children in hazardous activities and provide non-formal education, vocational tra ining, supplementary nutrition and so on The ILO IPEC (International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour) is also another progarmme which eliminate child labour, the programme sponsors one hundred seventy-five projects in India(Padmanabhan,2010 ) Furthermore, several NGOs like Care India, Child Rights and You, Global March against Child Labour, etc. have taken up the task to get the children back to school and also volunteers along with villagers. The MV Foundation isnon-governmental organisation (NGO) whose mission is to tackle child labour through promoting elementary education, even approaching parents to send their children to school.In spite of various laws regarding child labour and much efforts done by the non-governmental organizations, nonetheless children continue to work on a massive scale in most parts of the country. This is a problem because most child labour laws in India do not cover all types of work such as agriculture, wholesale trade, restaurants and d omestic works. Usually these children are the most vulnerable child labourers (Venkatarangaiya Foundation2005).Despite these efforts, child labour legislation to protect children has been unsuccessful, this is because of the majority of Indian population lives in rural areas with neglect of infrastructure and is difficult to enforcement of laws and policies in rural areas. Many of the policies and legislative tools in India are rooted deep in defection, allowing for illegal behaviours to take advantage of flaws. Many people believe that the cause of these behaviours is something technical, it will be shown that there is a relative heavy percentage of human omitting factor involved, often arising from the mentioned attitudes towards childrens work(Murphy, 2005).2.3 Child labor in NigeriaChild labour is prevalent in urban centers in Nigeria. This is because a large number of people move from the rural areas to urban area. Over the years there has been a quick growth in Nigerias pop ulation because of massive rural-urban migration. For instance Uyo is the capital of Akwa Ibom State, the city has experienced fast urbanization and many poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas. This pushes families to force their children to work in order to supplement family incomes (Okafor,2010 Nseabasi & Abiodun 2010). The number of child labour is increasing in Nigeria, in 1995, the number of child labour was twelve million while by 2006 the number of child labour under the age fourteen has risen to fifteen million (Adegun,2013). The International Labor Organization estimates that about 25 percent of Nigerias 80 million children under the age of fourteen are involved in child labour.Children works in differentsectors such as farms, domestic help, in fishing, mining, armed conflict, street vending, and child trafficking. The number of child labour involved in street hawking is a very common form of child labour in Nigerian cities, these children working f rom morning to evening and as a result of this, they do not have the time to enroll in schools or most of them drop out of school. Awosusi& Adebo (2012) assumes that many child labourers in Nigeria are abused physically, mentally, sexually and psychologically. They work long hours under dangerous and hazardous conditions with little or no pay benefits. direction in Nigeria is compulsory for a child that till nine years old. Nigerian government makes immemorial education free and compulsory for all children However, many children do not attend school, about six-spot million children in Nigeria, both boys and girl, are estimated to be working .The dropout rates for primary school are high for both boys and girls because of several factors such as poverty and early marriage teenage maternity poor school, or cultural and religious issues (Awosusi& Adebo,2012 Elijah & Okoruwa,2006)2.4 The legal framework and policies to control child labour in Nigeria Several policies and legislation s have been adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria for improving the welfare of children by eradicating child labour. However, ILO (2000) states some of the legislation and policies have deteriorated, and are not being imposed. Although, there is no direct labour policy in the country, there are several policies and social programmes which aims at improving education, health, population, social development, and child welfare if enforced would help to reduce child labour (ILO,2000)The Federal Labor Act Government have set the minimum age for the employment of children at twelve years and is in force in all the 36 states of Nigeria. The Nigerias Labor Act permits children at any age to carry through light work in domestic service or work with family member in agriculture. However, the Child Rights Act prohibits the worst forms of child labour, including the forced labour of children and use of children in prostitution or in armed conflict. The Labor Act sets different ages for various hazardous occupations. For instance, a child aged fifteen or older can work inindustries.The law forbids children under age of sixteen to work underground or to work with machines but clearly allow children aged between sixteen to cardinal to do these hazardous occupations. However, the same law prohibits employment of child under the age of 11 cardinal to work in harmful environment. The law does not remove children from domestic service, this can increased incentives for parents to send their children to work (United States Department of Labor, 2011).In 2002 Nigeria ratified Convention No. 138, the Minimum Age Convention and Convention No. 182, the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Nigeria also adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the African enlist on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, which appeared to have laid rest to the argument that children have no clearly definable rights in Nigeria. Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child an d the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of contrast against Women (CEDAW) were adopted in 1991 and 1985 respectively. However both the CRC and CEDAW have now been domesticated in Nigeria. The African pursue has also been domesticated by Nigeria.However, the National Assembly should seriously look into these and other international laws, especially human rights issues that adversely affect the rights and fundamental freedoms of the citizenry. Thus, the problem now is how effectively to enforce and monitor the execution of instrument of these provisions as they affect childrens and womens rights in Nigeria. This also presupposes that all social rights should be made justifiable in Nigeria so as to empower the less privileged in the society (Onyemachi, 2010).The Nigerian government has provided an enabling environment and support for these civil society organizations (CSOs) to thrive and has drawn from their work formulate policies, programmes and interventions for child vi ctims of abuse and violence (Ekpenyong& Sibirii, 2011). On 2000, the Nigerian Government established a national program to eliminate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria (Elijah& Okoruwa, 2006). Despite all these children are still abused. Ekpenyong and Sibirii (2011) states the reason child labour is prevalent is due to the economic situation where many familieslive beneath poverty and can barely earn enough to feed themselves and their children. Furthermore mainly child laborers are engaged at the household level or street hawking Togunde and Arielle (2008) argues that regulations regarding street hawking have been difficult to control by the government.