Billy Elliot †Film Review Essay

Recently I watched a film entitled Billy Elliot. I personally thought that the film was great in several ways, scripts, film techniques .etc. Every aspects of the film were thought out with detail. The film was set in 1984 when the miners’ strike took place. The unique setting adds to why I like this film so much. Billy Elliot was directed by Stephen Daldry, and 1st published in the year 2000. Today this film still remains popular as a family movie. The story was told from the main character point of view, that is Billy Elliot (Jamie Bell). Billy was an eleven year old boy who has a dream to become a ballet dancer, after inheriting his mother’s love for dance and music. Unfortunately, Billy’s dream was opposed by his father, Jackie (Gary Lewis) and his brother (Jamie Draven). Every member of Billy’s family were coal miners and expected Billy to follow the same footsteps. However, this does not shatter Billy’s dream. Billy, supported by his friend, Michael (Stuart Wells), chooses to attend ballet classes outside his family’s knowledge. The film’s setting was in 1984 when a yearlong strike took place in Britain. Billy’s parents happen to be the coal miners involved in the strike. Throughout the film, the family’s struggle through the strike was filmed with much detail. Meanwhile Billy Elliot hopes to be a dancer. Billy’s father has already had enough struggles with the strike, and is enraged when he finds out the Billy has been attending classes without him knowing, and forbids ballet. Billy still remains firm and continued to pursue his dreams. Would Billy achieve his dream? Watch the film and find out. The main theme of Billy Elliot is mainly family issues and stereotyping. The film was set in the 1980s when stereotyping was done often. This affects Billy who wants to become a ballet dancer. Unfortunately, it was not only the public who stereotyped but Billy’s family too! After neither Billy nor his family are giving in to either accept Billy’s wish or to give up, family issues occur. The harsh struggle during the strike means even more family issues. If you pay attention various film techniques were used such as: music, the lightings or the camera’s angle. An example would be the image of the sky representing that the world is opening up as Billy is leaving for London. Sad moments include when everybody else is indoors celebrating Christmas as on the contrary, Billy’s father has to destroy the piano for wood to burn. The movie Billy Elliot is directed towards any age group, however it is not recommended for children under thirteen due to inappropriate aspects such as swearing or violence. Overall I give the film was great and I give it four out of five stars.

Audience Analysis Essay

â€Å"Audience analysis gives you the tools you need to shape your product and your message† (Locker & Kienzler, 2008, p. 41). When presenting the company’s quarterly sales information it is important to evaluate the audience so that you can tailor the message to their needs. Considering the characteristics of the audience; the more you know about the audience, the more you can focus your presentation on what they need to know. You will also need to determine which communication channel is the most effective to present this information. It is almost important to understand the diversity of the audience so that you aren’t focusing on one group of people. If you spend the time analyzing your audience you can ensure that your sales presentation is effective. The more you know and understand your audience the better your message will be; you can start by identifying the characteristics of your audience. According to Locker and Kienzler (2008), the demographic characteristics such as age, sex, race, religion, education level, and income may be relevant when analyzing the audience. Because the sales presentation is for the stakeholders of the company, particularly managers, sales, and the customers, the demographics of the audience may be irrelevant for this case. When analyzing the stakeholders for this presentation, it is important to evaluate what they have in common and what is important to them. For example, stakeholders have a stake in the company so they want to see the company succeed; the sales data should be detailed enough to see the true performance of the company. Performing an audience analysis can be simplified by focusing on who they are, what their needs and expectations are, and how they will use the information. Managers need the sales information to gauge the performance of the company and to help make decisions on the day-to-day operations. The sales staff can use the information to see if they are meeting their sales goals and customers want to know that their suppliers are operating consistently and solid. Knowing the specifics needs you audience needs will help you when you are organizing your information for the presentation. Effective communication is based on selecting the appropriate communication channel to convey your message. Communication channels are the methods that are used to send a message to the audience. These methods can vary in efficiency and speed to the number of people who are reached (Locker & Kienzler, 2008). These messages can be sent through brochures, letters, e-mail messages, telephone conversations, video conferencing, and face-to-face meetings (Communication Channels, 2011). You are currently planning your sales presentation for a face-to-face meeting with the stakeholders. By meeting face-to-face you can combine some of the communication channels for a more effective message. The written part of the message includes presenting the sales information in a PowerPoint that allows you to include detailed information incorporating graphs and charts. You can communicate the information orally providing a narrative that supports your PowerPoint slides. This can be a very effective method of highlighting specific points of the presentation to what the audience needs to capture. Other methods that can be used effectively in this scenario are a video conference or a conference call combined with Net meeting in order for everyone to access the PowerPoint during the meeting. Emailing this type of information is fast and efficient, but it would be ineffective. There is too much information that could get overlooked and misinterpreted regardless of how much effort you put into the audience analysis. Email channels are more appropriate for routine communication such as day-to-day activities. Selecting the proper channel can contribute to the success of the message. When preparing your presentation it is important to take into consideration the diversity of the audience. Living in a multicultural society it is important to recognize and be sensitive toward the different cultures and ethnicities of people. In addition you should understand the organizational culture. Organizational culture is a set of values and attitudes that can change from company to company. It can be an important part of delivering a successful sales presentation by understanding the culture of the company. In the sales meeting with the stakeholders you have a diverse audience of internal company managers and sales staff and you have external customers. You need to take this into consideration when determining the level of detail that you want to share in the meeting. With the presence of outside people, you may want to be cautious of how much sales information you present in the meeting. Too much information could be damaging; you don’t want your customer to have more information than necessary to get the message across. Analyzing your audience will prepare you for the diversity of your audience. In order to communicate effectively with your audience, you need to understand who they are, what groups they belong to, and what values they hold† (Locker & Kienzler, 2008, p. 41). One way to ensure that you deliver an effective message is to start by performing a thorough audience analysis. Organize the information that you are including the key points that you want to get across. Creating visual aids like graphs and charts that support your ideas can help to keep the attention of your audience. It is also helpful to know your material and have good speaking skills so that you can relay the information without interruption. When meetings run long you can start to lose the attention of your audience; keep the presentation to a time length appropriate to get the message across. Create an interactive meeting and ask questions; this way you will know immediately if the audience is clearly receiving the information that you are presenting. Presenting quarterly sales information requires a little bit more than throwing numbers on a slide and showing them to the managers, sales, and customers present in the meeting. To ensure that you are delivering an effective message put in the extra time to do the research. Evaluate the audience so that you can focus the presentation on what type of data and information that each group of stakeholders need. Prior to scheduling the face-to-face meeting; consider different communication channels to present the sales data, this will help to determine which method is the most effective. Include enough information to ensure that you deliver an effective message that benefits your audience. â€Å"Audience analysis is the first step in any communication process: it gives you the tools you need to shape your product and your message† (Locker & Kienzler, 2008, p. 41).

The communication medium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The communication medium - Essay Example For instance, waving one’s hand is generally used to bid someone farewell while putting one’s hand with the palm facing forward gestures one to stop. Simple gestures like waving one’s hand do not define sign language, rather when several gestures are combined to relay thoughts, ideas and feelings they become sign language. In strict terms, there are three categories of sign language differentiated by users and purpose and these are deaf sign languages, auxiliary sign languages and signed modes of languages. The first contains various types all specific to various deaf communities all over the world, the second is a system of signed languages that vary in complexity and the third refers to manually coded languages that are a link between signed and oral languages (â€Å"Sign Language†). Sign language is defined by the two aspects of signals and visual signs as essentially out of all the five senses, eyes are the main facilitators. Visual signs are the most preferred form of sign language as they are universally understood and easy to remember. For instance, in a business setup graphs and charts are used to illustrate the performance of a company in an analytical manner. This is economical compared to having to print out financial documents such as balance sheets. Photographs and pictures in color arouse an interest and motivate people in a presentation setting such as a classroom or boardroom. Drawings and posters as well are used for informative purposes as they can relay information to illiterate people. For example, the drawing of a person holding a cigarette with various rotting body parts has been used to illustrate the dangers of smoking. At the same time, posters are used for advertisements and publicity. However, in most cases visual signs cannot be used alone they have to be accompanied with some form of writing. In addition, they can only convey simple ideas thus, for proper communication they have to be accompanied by gestu res and/or hand signals; and they are likely to get misunderstood plus correcting them is difficult (Kumar 270). On the other hand, signals make use of hands and other parts of the body as well as facial expressions. This is useful in combat and stealthy situations where one needs to communicate quickly without getting noticed. For deaf and mute communities, sign language is a specialized system of communication that includes their grammar system. In this case, sign language is transmitted through three systems oral, complementary forms of oral systems and signs. Oral systems attempt to make use of the minimal hearing capability of deaf people and they include lip reading along with use of verbal-tonal systems. Complementary forms of oral systems promote oral language through cued speech and bimodal communication, using both sign language systems and certain aspects of verbal communication. Lastly, signs are dependent of five factors- facial expressions, orientation, movement, hand gestures and location. For instance, touching one’s mouth using all the fingers except the thumb is used to gesture gratitude (Pfau, Steinbach and Woll 523). Notably as well, sign language is used for comical entertainment as is the case with pantomimes where gestures are dramatized accompanied by music. Children and adults with communication problems and learning disabilities such as autism make use of sign languages using a system known as

Can Foreign Speakers Help The Irish Language Survive Essay

Can Foreign Speakers Help The Irish Language Survive - Essay Example However, the author of this article could have elaborated on the use of the Internet to learn languages, as this may lead to the rise of slang, which may further complicate language development. This article has much strength in that it is based on analysis from typical examples of individuals chipping in various points. Nevertheless, it leaves a loophole for various an array of interpretations due to the author’s failure to state his aim for writing it.Assessment of the ArticleFrom my assessment, this material may be very resourceful in my future career on analyzing the rise and loss of various languages. For instance, the use of digital techniques such as internet and Facebook to facilitate the learning of a particular language as mentioned in this article may ease my future research. This article is a clear analysis of the current problem of language loss among the contemporary generation who feels that using native language is a primitivism. Besides, it is an encouragement to learners on the need to preserve languages for future identifications. It is, therefore, one of the best as far as anthropological research is concerned.Lingua Globa: How English Became 'Globish' by Robert McCrumSummary of the ArticleMcCrum, the author of this article, explains the various ways in which the English language developed and spread to the entire world. He asserts that English never developed from one language group, but rather a contribution of various languages such as Celtic and Anglo-Saxon words.

Product Market Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Product Market Development - Essay Example Profits generally continue to increase throughout the life cycle caused by industry expertise, economies of scale providing scope to reduce unit costs over time. At growth stage the characteristics are different. After all the market exercises having been done product is recognised by the consumers and demanded at a rapid speed resulting in reduction in cost. Economies of scale are achieved by this time. Sales volume increases quiet high at this stage. When cost is reduced due to economies of scale and sales revenues increases the profitability increases too. Demand factors remaining higher the business tends to increase product prices higher. Once the product is well accepted and becomes a favourite consumer pays the price asked for by the seller. The product acquires a quality image in the minds of consumers and they feel to enjoy a consumer's surplus even at higher price. Simple promotional efforts and advertising help consumers to retain the product in mind that promote the product selling easily. The competition gradually becomes aware of the product and its revenue yielding capacity. They start venturing into the business to get a mark et share and earn profits. The increase in competition exerts pressure in the market thereby reducing the market prices. The product gradually enters into maturity phase. Maturity phase: the business gets a lot of experience in the growth phase. Production volume increases very high. Many competitions enter in to the market arena and put thrust on the product prices and market outlets. The market gradually gets saturated. Extra efforts are employed to retain the sales volume. Prices to lower because of so many products fighting for the same market size. Market share drops that creates pressure on the entire business. Extra marketing efforts, brand differentiation and product diversification with new features have to be introduced costing more to the company. Profit volume tends to lower. Company and its business being old invite demands for higher wages and bonus from workers that put pressure on the profitability of the business. Curtailment in production leading to closure of some departments deprives the company of the benefits of economies of scale. Overall profitability is down and makes the business unsustainable. In course of the growth phase adolescent phase comes which is characterised with high growth and sales volume accompanied by increase in performance and product variance. The product is placed in the star corners of the BCG matrix with high growing sales revenue with offensive product prices. The product is powerful to be offensive and adopts aggressive pricing with a view to create a premium positing in the market to make customers view it as a superior product that can not be matched by the competition. Market growth is accompanied by market fragmentation. This in turn causes competition. But competition in market growth is not less intense compared to the intensity in market maturity. In the growth phase, almost every organization remains in profits because of the growing and greater demand, whereas in maturity, organizations have to struggle for

Foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods Essay

Foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods - Essay Example The outcome is sufficient actionable conclusions. Qualitative method provides a greater insight into the behavior of people that contributes towards healthy or unhealthy population. The method often uses case studies and observation of a population. For example, a study on HIV on a particular community may use the qualitative method to identify behaviors that increase the prevalence of the disease in the population under study. A qualitative method would supplement the qualitative method by availing the statistical part. The method gives a better presentation of conclusions in numerical form, shows trends and demographics of a population. In the above example of a study on HIV, quantitative method is important in showing aspects such as number of vulnerable persons, high-risk ages, and the economic cost of the disease. In conclusion, the above illustration shows that a nursing research provides better and actionable conclusions when both qualitative and quantitative methods are used. Whereas qualitative methods provide a theoretical perspective of a phenomenon, the quantitative method avails data evidence to enhance the viability and reliability of the results. However, using both methods is complex, time-consuming and requires expertise in theory and

Strategic Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic Supply Chain Management - Essay Example This has put nearly everyone’s job at a risk. No one knows for certainty how they will fare in the coming times or how the business will shape up due to its expanding horizons, changing market dynamics, economic upheavals, top management’s cozy attitude and so on. MultiChem Ltd might just hit the doldrums if it continues on this wave pattern and the laidback attitude that it has had for the past few years would not serve any real purpose behind its foundation as a laboratory producing small batches of chemicals for educational establishments, hospitals and private organizations. The tilt for bringing out the value proposition for the esteemed clients has started to change and that too in a very negative manner. The company has lost focus and just does not know what it wants to achieve and that too in unimaginable and non-calculated capacity. There is a great deal of soul searching which needs to be done if the results have to be positive by any stretch of imagination. MultiChem Ltd should remember the fact that it became a profitable business because it disseminated itself from the companies that produced large batches of chemicals and thus MultiChem Ltd was the only one within Central Europe which catered to the markets when the talk went out loud regarding the acquisition of small scale chemical batches. There was no other player in the market as such and if any cropped up on the scene, MultiChem Ltd had the funds and resources to buy out those organizations in a quick manner. This made the task of MultiChem Ltd pretty easy since it found out that the monopolizing factor within its business regimes has stayed for a long time and yet a sense of complacency made its way within the supply chain domains – indeed a quick recipe for disaster as far as MultiChem Ltd was concerned. The troubles started and that too from different angles. The focus was just not there and MultiChem Ltd knew

Financial Analysis of Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Analysis of Netflix - Essay Example In 1999, monthly subscriptions model was introduced and the reputation of the firm grew as a flat- fee rental with no due dates and late fee. Netflix has to its credit the personalized movie recommendation system which suggests choices to users based on their previous purchases. Also mentionable is the fact that Netflix user base has increased every year from the date its conception by over 50% from past years till 2005. After 2005, the number of subscribers continued to increase but at lower rates. (Netflix, 2012) Netflix also partnered with certain electronics companies to make streaming possible on the PS3, TVs with internet connections, Xbox 360, Apple iPhones, iPads, iPods and other internet connected devices. (Netflix, 2012) Researches showed that in 2011, 61% of the digital video market clintele belongs to Netflix. (Stambar, 2011) in 2011, Netflix is the highest revenue earner in the United States. (Frankel, 2012) This data clearly shows that as of right now, Netflix is a mark et leader. INCOME STATEMENT (Business Week, 2012)    31-Dec-08 31-Dec-09 31-Dec-10 31-Dec-11 Revenues 1,364.70 1,670.30 2,162.60 3,204.60 TOTAL REVENUES 1,364.70 1,670.30 2,162.60 3,204.60 Cost of Goods Sold 910.2 1,079.30 1,357.40 2,039.90 GROSS PROFIT 454.4 591 805.3 1,164.70 Selling General & Admin Expenses 249.4 286.6 358.3 520.6 R&D Expenses 89.9 114.5 163.3 259 Other Operating Expenses -6.3 -- -- -- OTHER OPERATING EXPENSES 332.9 401.2 521.6 779.6 OPERATING INCOME 121.5 189.8 283.6 385.1 Interest Expense -2.5 -6.5 -19.6 -20 Interest and Investment Income 9.2 4.8 2.7 2.8 NET INTEREST EXPENSE 6.7 -1.6 -16.9 -17.2 Other Non-Operating Income 0.1 -- -- -- EBT, EXCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS 128.4 188.2 266.7 367.8 Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments 3.1 1.9 1 0.7 Other Unusual Items, Total -- 2.1 -- -9 Legal Settlements -- 2.1 -- -9 EBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS 131.5 192.2 267.7 359.5 Income Tax Expense 48.5 76.3 106.8 133.4 Earnings from Continuing Operations 83 115.9 160.9 226.1 NET IN COME 83 115.9 160.9 226.1 Talking about the income statement of Netflix, the trend of revenues has certainly taken a great boost since 2006 from 1365 million dollars to 3205 million dollars in 2011. Growth in revenue certainly is a positive sign for any company. Netflix has achieved huge numbers during the four years. The cost of sales has also risen but looking at the overall gross profit margin, we see a rising trend. Expanses look pretty much under control and would not had been a point of concern for Netflix. The change in the income statement which was very obvious was the interest charges which rose by big number from (1.6) in the year 2008 to (16.9) in 2010 and (20) in 2011. This means that Netflix has taken huge amount of loans in 2010 and have retained them in 2011 as well. In the income statement, we can also see that the investment’s income earned has also decreased since 2006. This means that Netflix have taken out all the investments it had made outside its compa ny. Net income also shows a positive growing trend. From the income statement, we can say that Netflix is growing and has profitable numbers. BALANCE SHEET (Business Week, 2012)    31-Dec 31-Dec 31-Dec 31-Dec Currency in Millions of US$ 2008 2009 2010 2011 Assets             Cash and Equivalents 139.9 134.2 194.5 508.1 Short-Term Investments 157.4 186 155.9 289.8 TOTAL CASH AND SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS 297.3 320.2 350.4 797.8 Prepaid Expenses 26.5 26.7 62.2 56 Deferred Tax Assets, Current -- -- 2.2 10 Restricted

Identifying purchase perceptions that promote frequent e-commerce Research Paper

Identifying purchase perceptions that promote frequent e-commerce buying with special reference to UAE - Research Paper Example However, the perception of consumers on e-commerce purchasing process used to differ from an individual to an individual to another individual due to several positive and negative aspects of e-commerce. It is clear from both primary and secondary data analysis process that the demand for online marketing activities is increasing significantly, but some individuals are concerned about the account hacking threats during online payment process. Business environment in UAE is becoming highly competitive and saturated. It is true that B2C e-commerce purchasing activities is increasing significantly in UAE as several leading multinational or domestic organizations are trying to market their products through online. In addition to this demand for online buying and selling activities is significantly increasing among the people in UAE. Day-by-day, the number of internet and social media network users is increasing significantly around the globe. UAE is achieving significant economic growth as the business environment of this part in the world is improving constantly. UAE is enriched with natural oil and gas resources. In addition to this, the government has developed and implemented some effective policies in order to attract the leading multinational organizations to enter in this part of the world. Favourable economic environment of UAE is motivating several leading multinational organizations to enter in UAE. In addition to this, high purchasing power and high disposable income of people is motivating several domestic and multinational firms to start business operation activities in UAE. However, implementation e-commerce in the business operation activities has become one of the important upcoming trends for the business organizations in the industry. Adoption and implementation of e-commerce business operation activities can benefit both the organizations and customers. Organizations can reduce business operation cost through the adoption and implementation of

English101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English101 - Essay Example You meet this type of friends in school, gym or while travelling. You might also not remember how they look like once you not meet them for a short period of time. This type of friends will not have much of an impact on your life. You do not miss them when they are away from you. You generally do not object their company and will like to have a cup of tea or coffee with them. But if you are in the midst of some work you don’t mind parting with their company. One may know this type of friends throughout their school career, but they might never talk to each other outside their school. These friends are nice to talk to but you never intend to have anything more relationship with them. You just talk with them and then go on your merry way. You talk with them on common topics like hobbies or classes. And you don’t talk with them about your personal life. These types of friends may also irritate you the most. As you think that you are supposed to behave in a friendly manner with them you may not point out some of their bad habits such as taping the fingers on a table or chewing gum loudly. A guest friend is also known as a former friend. These are the friends who grew up with you in your neighbourhood and then moved away. These are the friends with whom you spend much of a time of your childhood. These friends form a major part of your enjoyment during the childhood days. You would love their company any time. These friends will bring memories about your childhood days. You might get embarrassed on first seeing these friends. But as the conversation starts between you, you seem to love it and will like to spend more amount of time with them. You may miss them once in a blue moon when somebody makes you to realise that you are adult and you cannot behave in a manner you used to behave during your childhood days. You would always like to meet these types of friends and they are closer to you than the pest friends. The relationship between you is

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay Example for Free

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay Socialization can be referred to as the process by where adults and children learn from each other. It is often said that socialization begins at home and this is true because it is the responsibility of the family to teach children from a very early age the norms and values of society. It is the process by which they learn right from wrong. Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps of their parents, teachers or older siblings. Socialization never really stops because all through life, people learn new things and they are never knowledgeable enough to know everything. During this process of socialization children develop a sense of self and become their own person. They become unique and have a distinct personality. Individuals develop their potential and learn culture through this process of socialization. Humans are unlike any other species and they need to learn things and how to survive. It is important for humans to learn their culture for it is a part of who they are. We learn by internalizing which is the process when people take norms values beliefs and language as their own and accept them as their own. Importance of socialization Socialization is important for many reasons: It helps a person become who they really are. It provides the basics for a person to learn about their culture and their way of behavior. Socialization helps people discover their talents and they find out that they are really good at something and they enjoy that. Through socialization children can develop as a person and acquire normal social graces. Children need to feel cared for and loved so when parents take time out for their children and teach them values and norms this helps them to develop properly. Learn ways on how to think talk and actions that are important for social living Is a way by which the society can pass culture along to the next generation We achieve harmony and are able to it into society We develop skills and learn not to always act on instinct It avoids isolation and improper development of children It allows us to develop our potential to develop or maximize skills We develop proper learning Agents of socialization The family is a major agent of socialization. It gives individuals their first experience, earliest and deepest experience to relationships and their exposure to the way of life. The family also teaches their own about the social and physical environment and teaches them to follow it. Children learn from the type of environment that elders create. The family also gives children a social place when it comes to religion race or culture. This makes up the child’s self-concept. The family are the ones responsible to teach children manners, respect and obedience. They cannot allow their children to go to school without teaching them how to talk to older people with respect or how to obey when told to do something. The school also plays a role in the socialization of children. The school is a port way for children to learn about their ancestors and to teach them of the way people behaved in the older times compared to the way they behave now. They learn how society is connected to race and gender. The school is their first experience to bureaucracy. This means that the school prepares them for the future because it runs on a time schedule and is governed by rules. This is helpful because it prepares them for when they get a job. It is also proven that schools mold children into gender roles. School also open opportunities or children to join peer groups in which they meet people with similar interests or talents. The mass media is also an agent of socialization. The mass media provides a vast amount of information to a huge audience at the same time. It is proven to have a great impact on the behavior and attitude of children. The media is also a port way for people to learn about different cultures and to meet people of different race and ethnicity. The media can inspire people to achieve access and to follow their dreams. Children will view successful people on the television and aspire to be like them. This is a good thing because children will have ambition. Theories on socialization George Herbert Mead: He developed a theory on social behaviorism. It explained how a person’s personality can be affected by social experience. He saw the power that environment had when it came to shaping behavior. He studied inward thinking. His main concept was self. He described this as the part of a person’s personality composed of self- awareness and self- image. He considered that self only develops when people interact with others. He said that humans care what others think of them and that is what they think of themselves as well. Lawrence Kohlberg: He studied how people distinguish between right and wrong. At an early age for children, they think that whatever feel good to them is right. Another aspect of his is that teenagers in the adolescent stage lose their selfishness and learn to act according to what parents tell them and by the rules of their school. He also said that individuals learn not to argue with what is legal or right. Jean Piaget: he studied human cognition. This refers to how people think. He wondered how children made sense of the world. He described the way children made their way through life based on what they thought of it. Piaget believed that biological maturation and increasing social experience was reflected by human behavior. He stated four stages of cognitive development which included sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Sigmund Freud: He studied mental disorder and personality. He believed that biology played a major role in the way people develop. He said that the human personality had three parts which include: The id which represents the innate human drives, this would be the human life and death instincts, the ego which refers to the internalized cultural values and norms and the ego which he considered resolved the competition between the restraints of the superego and the demands of the id. . Family Basic Concepts Family is a group of people who are closely related to each other by blood, adaption or marriage. The family is considered the basic unit of society. A family is considered to be the people who will always be there for you, no matter the situation you are involved in. Whenever in need of something the first place you run to is home. You are confident that there you can be safe and that there will be the people you can depend on. The family is the group of people who play a significant role in an individual’s life. Bonds within a family are considered kinship. Within every society there are families, however the views of people and whom they consider to be their family may vary depending on historical changes and culture. Family of orientation refers to when individuals are born into a family that includes parents and siblings living together. This plays an important role in socialization. A family of procreation is when adults decide to start their own family either naturally or through adaption. Marriage is an important aspect when considering starting a family. Marriage is a legal union between two people who commit to each other and this involves economic cooperation, sexual activity and childbearing. Children born out of marriage are considered to be illegitimate. Global Variations Types of families: Extended family: Is a family that includes more than three generations living in the same household. Everyone is connected by blood. Nuclear family: A family that includes a mother, father and their children living under the same roof. Sibling household: This is a family that an older brother or sister is the one in charge of the rest of children. They are required to be the parents and take care of the younger ones. Reconstituted family: This is a family type formed by the combination of two single- parent families. Single- parent family: Is a family type that involves one parent taking care of the household. Marriage patterns This refers to the way in which individuals are required to marry: Endogamy: This refers to marriage between people of the same social category. This limits marriage prospects to other people of the same gender, social class or race. Exogamy: This is when people of different social class get married. This type of marriage promotes cultural diffusion and builds alliances. Monogamy: This is marriage between two people. Polygamy: This is a type of marriage that unites two or more people. Polygyny: This refers to marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry: This refers to marriage of one woman to two or more men. Residential Patterns This talks about where a couple resides after being married: Patrilocality: This pattern refers to when the married couple lives with or close to the husband’s parents or family. Matrilocality: This is when the married couple lives close by or with the wife’s family. Neolocality: This refers to when the married couple live in a new place away from any side of their families. Patterns of Decent This refers to a system families used to trace their kinship over generations. Patrilineal descent: This is when individuals trace their kinship through men. This is when sons are the ones who inherit or get property passed on to them by their fathers. Matrilineal descent: This is a system used to trace kinship through women. This is when mothers pass on property or inheritance to their daughters. Bilateral Descent: in order to promote gender equality, this system traces kinship through both men and women. Theoretical Analysis of the Family Functions of the family Structural and functional analysis: Socialization: The teaching of right from wrong to children. Regulation of sexual activity: Every culture tries to regulate sexual activity in order to maintain property rights and kinship organization. Social Placement: Families try to maintain social organization in order to confer their social identity. Material, emotional and financial security: Families provide financial assistance, physical protection and emotional support. Inequality and the family: Social- Conflict analysis Property and Inheritance: Identifying heirs in order to transmit property. Patriarchy: This is how men own women as their sexual and economic property. Racial and ethnic inequality: Families promote people marry others like themselves. Stages of Family Life This is the way how a family evolves. Courtship: Is when partners get to know each other and see if they are compatible. Settling in: This involves romantic love where partners fall in love with each other and usually plan to marry or not. Child rearing: This is the raising of children on the right path showing them love and kindness. The family in later life: This is when people stay married but for the final years of their marriage they return to living with only one spouse. Transitions and problems in family They are many things that break up the family: Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage. Causes: Individualism is on the rise: This is when family members stop spending as much time with each other. Romantic love often subsides: When sexual passion fades this is when relationships fade. Women are now less dependent on men: Women leave unhappy marriages because wives are now not financially dependent on husbands. Many of today’s marriages are stressful: Most families face the problem of not having enough time or energy for family. Divorce is socially acceptable: Divorce is no longer being discouraged. Legally, a divorce is easier to get: Now divorces are easy to get as long as the couple says the marriage has fail. References Macionis John J., Sociology- (13th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009

Threats To Forests. A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps Essay Example for Free

Threats To Forests. A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps Essay Mixed deciduous forest in Stara Planina, Serbia A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods, is an area with a high density of trees. As with cities, depending on various cultural definitions, what is considered a forest may vary significantly in size and have different classifications according to how and what of the forest is composed. These plant communities cover approximately 9.4 percent of the Earths surface (or 30 percent of total land area), though they once covered much more (about 50 percent of total land area), in many different regions and function as habitats for organisms, hydrologic flow modulators, and soil conservers, constituting one of the most important aspects of the biosphere. Although forests are classified primarily by trees, the concept of a forest ecosystem includes additional species (such as smaller plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals) as well as physical and chemical processes such as energy flow and nutrient cycling. A typical forest is composed of the overstory (canopy or upper tree layer) and the understory. The understory is further subdivided into the shrub layer, herb layer, and also the moss layer and soil microbes. In some complex forests, there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. Forests are central to all human life because they provide a diverse range of resources: they store carbon, aid in regulating the planetary climate, purify water and mitigate natural hazards such as floods. Forests also contain roughly 90 percent of the worlds terrestrial biodiversity. Contents * 1 Etymology * 2 Distribution * 3 Classification * 3.1 Temperate A typical forest is composed of the overstory (canopy or upper tree layer) and the understory. The understory is further subdivided into the shrub layer, herb layer, and also the moss layer and soil microbes. In some complex forests, there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. Forests are central to all human life because they provide a diverse range of resources: they store carbon, aid in regulating the planetary climate, purify water and mitigate natural hazards such as floods. Forests also contain roughly 90 percent of the worlds terrestrial biodiversity. Etymology The word forest comes from Middle English forest, from Old French forest (also forà ¨s) forest, vast expanse covered by trees; first introduced in English as the word for wild land set aside for hunting without the necessity in definition for the existence of trees (James 1981;Muir 2000,2008). Possibly a borrowing (probably via Frankish or Old High German) of the Medieval Latin word foresta open wood, foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the kings royal hunting grounds. The term was not endemic to Romance languages (e.g. native words for forest in the Romance languages evolved out of the Latin word silva forest, wood (English sylvan); cf. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese selva; Romanian silvÄÆ'; Old French selve); and cognates in Romance languages, such as Italian foresta, Spanish and Portuguese floresta, etc. are all ultimately borrowings of the French word. The exact origin of Medieval Latin foresta is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the Late Latin phrase forestam silvam, meaning the outer wood; others claim the term is a latinisation of the Frankish word *forhist forest, wooded country, assimilated to forestam silvam (a common practise among Frankish scribes). Frankish *forhist is attested by Old High German forst forest, Middle Low German vorst forest, Old English fyrhà ¾ forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground, and Old Norse fà ½ri coniferous forest, all of which derive from Proto-Germanic *furχà ­sa-, *furχà ­Ãƒ ¾ja- a fir-wood, coniferous forest, from Proto-Indo-European *perkwu- a coniferous or mountain forest, wooded height. Uses of the word forest in English to denote any uninhabited area of non-enclosure are now considered archaic. The word was introduced by the Norman rulers of England as a legal term (appearing in Latin texts like the Magna Carta) denoting an uncultivated area legally set aside for hunting by feudal nobility (see Royal Forest). These hunting forests were not necessarily wooded much, if at all. However, as hunting forests did often include considerable areas of woodland, the word forest eventually came to mean wooded land more generally. By the start of the fourteenth century the word appeared in English texts, indicating all three senses: the most common one, the legal term and the archaic usage. Forest near Rajgir, Bihar, India Other terms used to mean an area with a high density of trees are wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, frith and firth. Unlike forest, these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some classifications now reserve the term woodland for an area with more open space between trees and distinguish among woodlands, open forests, and closed forests based on crown cover. Distribution Amazon Rainforest in Brazil Temperate rainforest in Tasmanias Hellyer Gorge Forests can be found in all regions capable of sustaining tree growth, at altitudes up to the tree line, except where natural fire frequency or other disturbance is too high, or where the environment has been altered by human activity. The latitudes 10 ° north and south of the Equator are mostly covered in tropical rainforest, and the latitudes between 53 °N and 67 °N have boreal forest. As a general rule, forests dominated by angiosperms (broadleaf forests) are more species-rich than those dominated by gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf forests), although exceptions exist. Forests sometimes contain many tree species only within a small area (as in tropical rain and temperate deciduous forests), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g., taiga and arid montane coniferous forests). Forests are often home to many animal and plant species, and biomass per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant detritus. The woody component of a forest contains lignin, which is relatively slow to decompose compared with other organic materials such as cellulose or carbohydrate. Forests are differentiated from woodlands by the extent of canopy coverage: in a forest, the branches and the foliage of separate trees often meet or interlock, although there can be gaps of varying sizes within an area referred to as forest. A woodland has a more continuously open canopy, with trees spaced farther apart, which allows more sunlight to penetrate to the ground between them (also see: savanna). Among the major forested biomes are: * rain forest (tropical and temperate) * taiga * temperate hardwood forest * tropical dry forest Classification Biogradska forest in Montenegro Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar, featuring various Adansonia (baobab) species, Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation Even, dense old-growth stand of beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the understory, in the Brussels part of the Sonian Forest. Trees on a mountain in northern Utah during early autumn. Forests can be classified in different ways and to different degrees of specificity. One such way is in terms of the biome in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are evergreen or deciduous). Another distinction is whether the forests are composed predominantly of broadleaf trees, coniferous (needle-leaved) trees, or mixed. * Boreal forests occupy the subarctic zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous. * Temperate zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e.g., temperate deciduous forest) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g., temperate coniferous forests and temperate rainforests). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including laurel forests. * Tropical and subtropical forests include tropical and subtropical moist forests, tropical and subtropical dry forests, and tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. * Physiognomy classifies forests based on their overall physical structure or developmental stage (e.g. old growth vs. second growth). * Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e.g., ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forest). A number of global forest classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance. UNEP-WCMCs forest category classification system is a simplification of other more complex systems (e.g. UNESCOs forest and woodland subformations). This system divides the worlds forests into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf; temperate broadleaf and mixed; tropical moist; tropical dry; sparse trees and parkland; and forest plantations. Each category is described as a separate section below. Temperate needleleaf Temperate needleleaf forests mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the northern hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (Coniferophyta). In the Northern Hemisphere pines Pinus, spruces Picea, larches Larix, silver firs Abies, Douglas firs Pseudotsuga and hemlocks Tsuga, make up the canopy, but other taxa are also important. In the Southern Hemisphere, most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species that are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests. Temperate broadleaf and mixed Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests include a substantial component of trees in the Anthophyta. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the United States and their counterparts in China and Japan, the broadleaf evergreen rainforests of Japan, Chile and Tasmania, the sclerophyllous forests of Australia, central Chile, the Mediterranean and California, and the southern beech Nothofagus forests of Chile and New Zealand. Tropical moist There are many different types of tropical moist forests,although most extensive are the lowland evergreen broadleaf rainforests, for example và ¡rzea and igapà ³ forests and the terra firma forests of the Amazon Basin; the peat swamp forests, dipterocarp forests of Southeast Asia; and the high forests of the Congo Basin. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower montane formations on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude. Tropical dry Tropical dry forests are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. However, under some conditions, e.g. less fertile soils or less predictable drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as sclerophyllous. Thorn forest, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire is a recurrent phenomenon, woody savannas develop (see sparse trees and parkland). Sparse trees and parkland Taiga forest near Saranpaul in the northeast Ural Mountains, Khanty–Mansia, Russia. Trees include Picea obovata (dominant on right bank), Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, and Betula pendula. Sparse trees and parkland are forests with open canopies of 10-30% crown cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these ecosystems occur are in the boreal region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forest or taiga, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuous closed forest cover, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open taiga, open lichen woodland, and forest tundra. It is species-poor, has high bryophyte cover, and is frequently affected by fire. Forest plantations Forest plantations, generally intended for the production of timber and pulpwood increase the total area of forest worldwide. Commonly mono-specific and/or composed of introduced tree species, these ecosystems are not generally important as habitat for native biodiversity. However, they can be managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and they are important providers of ecosystem services such as maintaining nutrient capital, protecting watersheds and soil structure as well as storing carbon. They may also play an important role in alleviating pressure on natural forests for timber and fuelwood production. Forest categories A temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, the Hasenholz, southeast of Kirchheim unter Teck, Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Germany Redwoods in old growth forest in Muir Woods National Monument, Marin County, California 28 forest categories are used to enable the translation of forest types from national and regional classification systems to a harmonised global one. Temperate and boreal forest types 1. Evergreen needleleaf forest Natural forest with 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is predominantly ( 75%) needleleaf and evergreen. 2. Deciduous needleleaf forests Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is predominantly ( 75%) needleleaf and deciduous. 3. Mixed broadleaf/needleleaf forest Natural forest with 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is composed of a more or less even mixture of needleleaf and broadleaf crowns (between 50:50% and 25:75%). 4. Broadleaf evergreen forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, the canopy being 75% evergreen and broadleaf. 5. Deciduous broadleaf forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, in which 75% of the canopy is deciduous and broadleaves predominate ( 75% of canopy cover). 6. Freshwater swamp forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, composed of trees with any mixture of leaf type and seasonality, but in which the predominant environmental characteristic is a waterlogged soil. 7. Sclerophyllous dry forest Natural forest with 30% canopy cover, in which the canopy is mainly composed of sclerophyllous broadleaves and is 75% evergreen. 8. Disturbed natural forest Any forest type above that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires, road construction, etc. 9. Sparse trees and parkland Natural forests in which the tree canopy cover is between 10-30%, such as in the steppe regions of the world. Trees of any type (e.g., needleleaf, broadleaf, palms). 10. Exotic species plantation Intensively managed forests with 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species not naturally occurring in that country. 11. Native species plantation Intensively managed forests with 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species that occur naturally in that country. 12. *Unspecified forest plantation Forest plantations showing extent only with no further information about their type, This data currently only refers to the Ukraine. 13. *Unclassified forest data Forest data showing forest extent only with no further information about their type. Those marked * have been created as a result of data holdings which do not specify the forest type, hence 26 categories are quoted, not 28 shown here. Tropical forest types The Fatu Hiva rainforest in Polynesia. 1. Lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude that display little or no seasonality, the canopy being 75% evergreen broadleaf. 2. Lower montane forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, between 1200–1800 m altitude, with any seasonality regime and leaf type mixture. 3. Upper montane forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, above 1,800 m (5,906 ft) altitude, with any seasonality regime and leaf type mixture. 4. Freshwater swamp forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, composed of trees with any mixture of leaf type and seasonality, but in which the predominant environmental characteristic is a waterlogged soil. 5. Semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude in which between 50-75% of the canopy is evergreen, 75% are broadleaves, and the trees display seasonality of flowering and fruiting. 6. Mixed broadleaf/needleleaf forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is composed of a more or less even mixture of needleleaf and broadleaf crowns (between 50:50% and 25:75%). 7. Needleleaf forest Natural forest with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is predominantly ( 75%) needleleaf. 8. Mangroves Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, composed of species of mangrove tree, generally along coasts in or near brackish or seawater. 9. Disturbed natural forest Any forest type above that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires, road construction, etc. 10. Deciduous/semi-deciduous broadleaf forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude in which between 50-100% of the canopy is deciduous and broadleaves predominate ( 75% of canopy cover). 11. Sclerophyllous dry forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is mainly composed of sclerophyllous broadleaves and is 75% evergreen. 12. Thorn forest Natural forests with 30% canopy cover, below 1,200 m (3,937 ft) altitude, in which the canopy is mainly composed of deciduous trees with thorns and succulent phanerophytes with thorns may be frequent. 13. Sparse trees and parkland Natural forests in which the tree canopy cover is between 10-30%, such as in the savannah regions of the world. Trees of any type (e.g., needleleaf, broadleaf, palms). 14. Exotic species plantation Intensively managed forests with 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species not naturally occurring in that country. 15. Native species plantation Intensively managed forests with 30% canopy cover, which have been planted by people with species that occur naturally in that country. Forest loss and management Main articles: Forestry, Logging and Deforestation Coastal Douglas fir woodland in northwest Oregon Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many redwood trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production The scientific study of forest species and their interaction with the environment is referred to as forest ecology, while the management of forests is often referred to as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest management. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause and effect relationships. Foresters who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social and economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other stakeholders. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging, urban sprawl, human-caused forest fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn practices of swidden agriculture or shifting cultivation. The loss and re-growth of forest leads to a distinction between two broad types of forest, primary or old-growth forest and secondary forest. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time including forest fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of the worlds original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries the Boreal forests of Russia and Canada and the rainforest of Brazil. In 2006 this information on intact forests was updated using latest available satellite imagery. Canada has about 4,020,000 square kilometres (1,550,000 sq mi) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management, which includes extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada’s forest is legally protected from resource development (Global Forest Watch Canada)(Natural Resources Canada). Much more forest land — about 40 percent of the total forest land base — is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated land use planning or defined management areas such as certified forests (Natural Resources Canada). These maps represent only virgin forest lost. Some regrowth has occurred but not to the age, size or extent of 1620 due to population increases and food cultivation. From William B. Greeleys, The Relation of Geography to Timber Supply, Economic Geography, 1925, vol. 1, p. 1-11. Source of Today map: compiled by George Draffan from roadless area map in The Big Outside: A Descriptive Inventory of the Big Wilderness Areas of the United States, by Dave Foreman and Howie Wolke (Harmony Books, 1992). By December 2006, over 1,237,000 square kilometers of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed (Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition). Clearcutting, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of clearcuts, although some older clearcuts can range upwards of 110 square kilometres (27,000 acres) in size which were cut over several years. China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the destruction caused by clearcutting. Selective cutting avoids the erosion, and flooding, that result from clearcutting. In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved forestry practices has helped regulate or moderate large scale or severe impacts. However, the United States Forest Service estimates a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4,942,000 acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as afforestation and natural reversion of abandoned crop and pasture land to forest. However, in many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large forest fires.[ Old-growth forest contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established seral patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. The natural formations and processes have not been affected by humans with a frequency or intensity to change the natural structure and components of the habitat. Secondary forest contains significant elements of species which were originally from other regions or habitats. Smaller areas of woodland in cities may be managed as Urban forestry, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; Attention Restoration Theory argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while forest schools and kindergartens help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live, for practical logistics.

Cadbury India and Cadbury UK Comparison

Cadbury India and Cadbury UK Comparison The Cadburys Inc has provided us a broader view of the chocolate category. The Cadbury chocolate is able to share with their market insights based on the unparalleled breadth of chocolate experience. Cadbury has grown from strength to strength with new technologies being introduced to make the Cadbury confectionery business one of the most efficient in the world. The merge in 1969 with the Schweppes and the subsequent development of the business have led to the Cadbury Schweppes to take the lead in the both confectionery and the soft drink market in United Kingdom and becoming a major force in the international market. Today Cadbury Schweppes manufactures its products in 60 countries. The Cadbury story is a fascinating story of a family business that grew in one the biggest, most lowed chocolate brand in the world. A story that you will remember as the story of The RealTaste of Life. THE LEGEND CALLED CADBURY 1824 In 1824, John Cadbury opened a grocers shop at 93 Bull Street, Birmingham in the 1830s. Among other things, he sold cocoa and drinking chocolate, which he prepared himself using a pestle and mortar. 1831 The Cadbury manufacturing business was born in 1831, when John Cadbury decided to start producing on a commercial scale and bought a four-storey warehouse in nearby Crooked Lane. 1842 John Cadbury was selling no less than 16 varieties of drinking chocolate and 11 different cocoas! The earliest preserved price list shows that you could buy drinking chocolate in the form of both pressed cakes and powder. 1861 Johns health rapidly declined and he finally retired in 1861, handing over complete control of the business to his sons Richard and George. 1866 The turning point for the Cadbury business was the introduction of a new processing technique, resulting in the 1866 launch of Cadbury Cocoa Essence, the UKs first unadulterated cocoa. 1879 The business prospered and the factory was moved to Greenfeild a few miles away from Birmingham known as Bourneville. 1897 When Cadbury started making Cocoa Essence they had lots of cocoa butter left over, so they used it to make bars of chocolate!. 1905 Swiss manufacturers were leading the field in milk chocolate, with much better products than their rivals. In 1904, George Cadbury Junior was given the challenge to develop a milk chocolate bar with more milk than anything else on the market. (SOURCE : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/the-story) Cadburys Dairy Milk Story In June 1905, Cadbury made its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars, and it became the companys best selling product by 1913. George Cadbury Junior, responsible for the development of the bar, has said All sorts of names were suggested: Highland Milk, Jersey and Dairy Maid. But when a customers daughter suggested Dairy Milk, the name stuck. Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1928, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1933. By this point, Cadburys was the brand leader in the United Kingdom. In 1928, Cadburys introduced The Glass and A Half slogan to accompany the Dairy Milk bar, to advertise the bars higher milk content. (SOURCES : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/products/Dairy-Milk?c2=1459p=2360) Cadburys Milk Tray 1915 Boxes of chocolates had been produced at Cadbury since the 1860s. But they were expensive, sold in small quantities and would only have been bought for very special occasions. Milk Tray was different: a chocolate assortment, affordable enough to be an everyday treat. To start with, the chocolates were sold in 5 1/2 lb boxes, which would be put out in trays to sell to customers, which is where the name originated from. One was Milk Tray and one was Plain Tray. Then, in 1916, Cadbury produced a half-pound box of chocolates, followed by a 1Ib box in 1924. By the mid 1930s it was outselling all its competitors. (SOURCE : http://www.cadbury.co.uk/Home/the-story/milk-tray-is-launched) The Cadbury Story Cadburys Success Story In 1824, the U.K. enterprise founded by John Cadbury had the objective of creating the chocolates that could be recognised as the most highest quality driven chocolates. By 1969, there was a merger between the Cadbury and Schweppes, the soft drink giant. Cadbury brands were already famous all around the world. Today more than 120 countries enjoy the products by Cadbury, having over 40 brands in the chocolate confectionery. Cadbury also dominated the market as far as U.K. and Australia and thats why it have been dubbed as The worlds master chocolate makers. The Secret of Cadburys Success The secret behind Cadburys continuing success is first theres a careful selection of finest cocoa beans from the western parts of Africa, adding the quality of hazel nuts from Turkey and fine sheets and natural ingredients available to us anywhere. At last, theres skillful marketing as Cadbury always takes care in the selection and marketing process of the right range of products. The key ingredients in Cadburys success is the selection of the right product, partners, marketing team and strategies, promotion techniques, and finally the employees. Success is based on 3 factors : Quality, Advertising, Value for Money. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Product Profile Cadbury have a wide range of product line with more than 40 brands of chocolate confectioneries. The products can be filtered as : Christmas Treat Bars Boxes, tins and bags Drinks Halloween Treat Cadburys Market Segment Market place for any product consists of many different segments of customers, each having needs and wants different from each other. The market segments can be defined in numerous ways : Demographic Variables (gender, marital status etc) Lifestyle of consumers (daily activities, hobbies), the benefits that the customers look for in a product or an occasion on which the product may be consumed. Cadbury takes in account all the major segments while manufacturing and designing new product range. The company has targetted numerous segments in the same market such as : Snatched Break Segment It refers to the breaks that the consumers use to consume products like chocolates, biscuits etc with tea or coffee. Example Cadbury Perk Impulse Segment The products which are bought without thinking on the spot, no planning is done before the product or the service is bought from the market place. This includes chocolates like Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury United Kingdom Market Size The six months ended 30 June, Cadburys underlying pre-tax profits jumped by 11 per cent to  £262m at constant currency. Its total sales jumped by 4 per cent to  £2.77bn Todd Stitzer, chief executive of Cadbury said. The chocolate tablet confectionery market is CDM market, representing 17%,  £ 731 million. The CDM brand is worth approximately  £360 million in the UK. 500 million bars are made each year, in the UK. By 2007 Cadburys held over 10% of the  £731 million UK confectionery market share with 23 types of CDM . (SOURCE : Leatherhead Food Research, 2009, Cadbury,n.d.) Gorilla is a British Advertisement Campaign launched by Cadbury Schweppes in 2007 to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk brand chocolate. The 90-second television and cinema advertisement, which formed the centre piece of the GBP 6.2 million campaign, was created and directed by Juan Cabral and starred actor Garon Michael. The campaign itself, which comprised appearances on billboards, print newspapers and magazines, television and cinema spots, event sponsorships and an internet presence, was handled by advertising agency Fallon London. Threats Competitive pressures from other branded suppliers (national and global). Aggressive price and promotion activity by competitors possible price wars in developed markets. Brands in competition Value Share DM (C/Kraft) [50%-60%] Galaxy (Mars) [10%-20%] Excellence (Lindt) [5%-10%] Aero (Nestle) [5%-10%] Milka (Kraft) [0%-5%] There is a threat of change of the current external environment which is likely to alter the nature of the market. For example change in the taxing regime, Government laws regulating the industry, and other factors which are likely to impact negatively on the industry (SOURCE:Cadbury, 2008). There exists no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and consumers frequently shift their brands. Raised health and ethical concerns. Opportunities The confectionery market is characterized by a high degree of merger and acquisition activity in recent years. Opportunities exist to increase share through targeted acquisitions. There is a lot of potential for growth and a huge population who do not eat chocolates even today that can be converted as new users. Recommendations Dairy Milk should emphasis on cocoa-butter not milk-butter as the latter melts at higher temperatures and thus building perception of quality. Price also needs to become more affordable. Promotional strategies also need to be revised especially in Cadbury UK so as to gain attraction of customers above other famous brands. People in UK focus more on the packaging and the ingredients and less on the taste. So Cadbury here should make strategies to attract customers by being effective in this area. Cadbury India is well established and is a leading brand so it should continue with their effective style of advertisements and other promotional schemes. One new product launch every year might be profitable. (SOURCE: http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/) Market Scanning This implies scanning internal and external environment. internal environment consists of 4ps, external implies scanning environment within which company operates. Analysing 4ps of Cadbury in comparison with close rival companies Marketing Mix Elements Cadbury Hershey Nestle Mars Inc. Product Range of fair trade chocolates, Chocolate bar that are made up of more milk, biscuits, ice cream, beverages etc Chocolate and candy bars, baking chocolate, lollipops, cookies, cocoa mix, ice cream toppings etc Chocolates, cereals, The company uses its name to endorse /nestle Easy Whip, fair trade Kit Kat M Ms, Fair trade Mars, Snickers, Orbit, Extra. Place Sold through network of whole sellers, retailers Retail outlets like convenience store, grocery chains, brokers, whole seller and retailers Only on stores and supermarket Retailers and whole sellers Price Affordable + high quality indulgence Prefer to stay with one price policy Low prices compared to other chocolates Affordable Promotion TV, Internet, outdoor, radio, emotional appeals in ads Brand extension, acquiring famous brands Extensive promotional tools, constant product supply Intensive ads campaign worth of  £600 million. The company stands better in terms of range of products as it offers more products than other confectionery company. Many brand under Cadbury have been certified as fair trade while only few chocolates have been certified as fair trade for rival companies. With regards to place the company needs to develop direct relationship with supermarkets, grocery chains as what competitor Hershey is pursuing. In terms of price, the company is considered to be slightly expensive than Nestle. The company also lags behind than Mars Inc. in regard to promotion. Source: Best Global Confectionery Company, Corporate Watch (2010) Cadbury India Cadbury began its operations in India in 1948 by importing  chocolates. After 60 years of existence, it today has five company-owned manufacturing facilities an 4 sales offices. The corporate office is in Mumbai. Market Size The chocolate market for India is growing rapidly. The market size has grown larger in the recent years. Of the 20 tonnes of the market for chocolate accounting for around 400 crores, out of which Cadburys share is 70% which is followed by Nestle accounting for about 20 %, then Amul having 5% and rest with the minors. The major competition is between the Cadbury and Nestle. At present, the existing Cadbury Dairy Milk has a market share of 35 per cent.We already have 70 per cent of the Rs 2,000-crore (Rs 20-billion) chocolate market in India and now with the retail environment changing, Silk will help us tap into a wider audience, says Cadburys executive director, marketing and international business, Sanjay Purohit. Threats There may be a threat of entry of other products in the market which will increase the level of competition in the market. There are other companies which are likely to introduce the same products in the market once there is success of the initial product.(Cadbury, 2008). Social changes like rising obesity and consumers obsession with calories counting.( Department of Health, 2005) Globalisation may bring in better brands for upper end of the market and it may loose market share but will remain brand leader. Opportunities Increasing gifts cultures in India. Substitute to Mithais with higher calories/cholesterol. To respond to changes in consumer tastes and preferences healthier snacks with lower calories need to be developed. Internet usage in India has been growing at a very high rate and majority of the urban population is connected to the interest. Since there is not company that is currently using online sales, the company will look into using this strategy to boosts its sales (Laura, 2008). Brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchan for advertising there new products. As Cadbury became a part of Krafts Foods, its distribution  network is increased. Positioning Cadbury dairy milk made position of its product chocolate not only in the minds of consumers but also in the market. It uses various promotional techniques to make position in the minds of customers Cadbury have good quality, more features like unique taste, design, logo and other attributes as compared to its competitors. Cadbury dairy milk is superior in quality, continuous improvements Its price is reasonable and affordable by all customers. good use of advertising is used especially the use of slogans to position a positive concept in customers minds. Cadburys reputation is built upon quality; a commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that this promise continues to be delivered. The companys punch line for advertising Cadbury dairy milk REAL TASTE OF LIFE itself depicts how well the product is positioned in the market. The product shows the purity of milk, taste. PEST Analysis P : There are no restrictions on the pricing of the products by the political institutions that is the pricing of the product is decontrolled. E : 1) There has been an increase in the per capita income depicting high disposable income. 2) There has been an increase in demand due to the growth of the middle class. 3) Better penetration due to low production costs. S : 1) Increased demand due to increasing gift culture. 2) Increased substitute demand against the Indian Mithais. T : The company has fulfilled the international standards. FINDINGS AND SURVEYS Do you consume chocolates ? Which chocolate brands do you prefer ? From where do you prefer to buy chocolates ? Are you aware of the campaign Gorilla ? Which Cadbury product do you usually prefer to consume ? Do you think Cadburys products are easily available in the market ? DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Data was tabulated manually and was also analysed manually. Excel was used to make graphs and pie charts. Simple average method was used to compute the data and to get to the answers of the questions : 26 % of the people are not interested in eating the chocolates and 74 are eating chocolates. 60 % people prefer the Cadbury brand chocolates after that of Nestle, Mars, Lindt etc. Most of the people buy chocolates from the super stores and after that from retail outlets and movie halls. 54 % of the people are not aware of any brand campaign GORILLA whereas 46% are aware. This shows that the company needs to advertise more in the market. Dairy Milk is the most consumed chocolate product from Cadbury. 90% shows that the Cadbury brand chocolates are easily available in the market.

Our Guys Essay -- essays research papers

The novel Our Guys, written by Bernard Lefkowitz, is a very dynamic story about the heinous actions of a dozen middle-class athletes, from a small New York suburb, against a defenseless mentally handicapped girl. Lefkowitz describes a brutal gang rape involving a baseball bat and broomhandle, which took place in this unsuspecting town, by these upstanding young group of boys, as the town would describe them. Lefkowitz looks at the incident which took place and then examines the â€Å"jock clique† sub-culture that allowed such atrocities to happen, and spawned the scandal to cover it up. The town of Glenridge is at the surface not any different than any other surburban American town. Like most towns it has its â€Å"cliques† and the â€Å"jocks† are at the pinnacle of the town. Idolized by the students and a sourse of pride for the entire town, however the Glenridge boys were not like most high school athletes. The â€Å"Jock clique† formed at a very early age,and invaded their surroundings taking over where ever they went, whether it be school, games or around town, protected by the â€Å"boys will be boys† attitude held by the rest of the town. The boys started showing signs of beligerance as early as elementary school, with a common ignorance for authority. The group was later easily passed through middle school to relieve the teachers of another year enduring the â€Å"problem† class. Once in high scholl the boys became the leaders of the school, andpride of the town. In Glenridge sports were valued higher than academics, turning these young men into heros, and everyone else into nobodies. There was not anything anyone could do to derail this movement, nor did they try to. Glenridges attitude towards women was very outdated. Women were regarded as mothers and wives, their jobs weere to make the men of the town happy. They were treated as objects and rarely held positions of authority-there were not any women mentors, therefore everyone lokked up to their fathers and saw that men were the supreme beings. Most of the boys did not even have any female influences other than their mothers; infact only two of the boys involved had sisters, Bryan Grober and Phil Grant. Thes boys were raised in dressing rooms by males and taught to respect the institute and brotherhood of a team. That if they respected their sacred bond they could do anything. Nothing was more important than the team or eac... ... athletes to do as they please. However he does not do a good job of being non-partisan. He leads his readers to believe the only group of people who would do such things are â€Å"jocks†. This bias is not true. The newspapers report that University fraternities, and secret societies are as likely, if not more likely, to commit these very same acts. He also leads the reader to believe that all athletes and athletic teams are similar. The impression he leaves about the majority of teams and their members is prejudicial and unfair. It is very unfortunate and disheartening that members of a community that were so highly reguarded, would commit such acts. It is even more disturbing to hear about the scenario leading up to the rape, and the community which produced these troubled young men. It is more important to look at why the events took place rather than who committed them, because ultimately the only innocent person involved is the victim, a mentally handicapped young gir l, named Lesli Faber. This book shows that the community is to blame when tragedies like these occur, and that if it happened in Glen ridge, what is to stop it from happening in our own back yard by â€Å"our guys†?

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in "The Importance of Being Earnest" Oscar Wilde frames "The Importance of Being Earnest" around the paradoxical epigram, a skewering metaphor for the play's central theme of division of truth and identity that hints at a homosexual subtext. Other targets of Wilde's absurd yet grounded wit are the social conventions of his stuffy Victorian society, which are exposed as a "shallow mask of manners" (1655). Aided by clever wordplay, frantic misunderstanding, and dissonance of knowledge between the characters and the audience, devices that are now staples of contemporary theater and situation comedy, "Earnest" suggests that, especially in "civilized" society, we all lead double lives that force upon us a variety of postures, an idea with which the closeted (until his public charge for sodomy) homosexual Wilde was understandably obsessed. The play's initial thrust is in its exploration of bisexual identities. Algernon's and Jack's "Bunburys" initially function as separate geographic personas for the city and country, simple escapes from nagging social obligations. However, the homoerotic connotations of the punning name (even the double "bu"'s, which serve mostly an alliterative purpose, insinuate a union of similarities, and "Bunbury" rhymes with "buggery," British slang for sodomy) flare up when paired with Algernon's repeated assaults on marriage: ALGERNON. "...She will place me next to Mary Farquhar, who always flirts with her own husband across the dinner table. That is not very pleasant. Indeed, it is not even decent ... and that sort of thing is enormously on the increase. The amount of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous. It looks so bad. It i... ... he was inextricably associated but from which he could just as easily distance himself via a pithy saying, but he treats the tension of homosexuality, his own mask, more seriously. Jack is never ready to admit his entrance into the Bunbury underworld, and we never learn from Algernon the necessary rules of conduct. The personification of homosexuality as a character's double is not surprising - some critics argue that Dr. Jekyl's evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, has some homosexual leanings - as such a controversial and, perhaps, embarrassing topic can be more easily disguised and obscured in the murky depths of the doppelganger tale. Today, with scientific evidence backing an opinion that places individuals' sexual preferences on a sliding scale from full heterosexuality to full homosexuality, the simple bifurcated view of sexuality in literature may soon be obsolete.

Comparing Wilfred Owens Poem, Dulce et Decorum Est and Stings Song, C

Comparing Wilfred Owen's Poem, Dulce et Decorum Est and Sting's Song, Children's Crusade Is it really sweet and fitting to die for one's country? This may seem glorious to some, but to those who have studied World War I and its terrible consequences, this seems a lie. The poet Wilfred Owen was a participant in this war, and wrote the poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" ("It is sweet and fitting [to die for one's country]") to his poet friends about the voracity, hopelessness, and futility of war, and the desperate plight of the soldiers involved. Almost seventy-five years later, the popular artist Sting worried about the world in which his son was growing up, a world in which older, experienced adults took advantage of innocent children to increase their own power. Using World War I as a comparison to his own time, he wrote the song "Children's Crusade" about these scheming, power-hungry people. Both these poets describe a war in which children were abused, controlled by other's selfish wants. Although Sting mainly uses strong allusions to describe the soldiers' loss of innocenc e, Owen's poem uses jarring, tangible images of reality that are emotionally more universal. As in other effective poetry, Sting uses strong language to convey the world's cruelty toward the innocent. He describes the soldiers in the war using the phrases "Virgins with rifles" (3), "Pawns in a game" (5), "Marching through countries they've never seen" (2). These phrases appeal to parental nature and sense of decency. "Virgins" suggests not only a feeling of inno-cence, but a feeling of virtue about to be lost. Sting uses the phrase "the flower of England, face down in the mud" (11), giving us a beautiful, fresh image to symbolize these young soldiers. He t... ...s a general anti-war feeling, which is only one of the points that form his argument, instead of a feeling for the plight of the children of his day. The theme of heroin addiction remains unknown to most. Sting does wield effective images, as does Owen, but as Sting's allusions remain unknown, Owen's tailoring to basic human emotions makes us regret the soldiers' loss of innocence. Works Cited Primary Sources Owen W 'Dulce et Decorum Est' [online] accessed at http://www.illyria.com/owenpro.html; (2002) Sting, Children's Crusade http://www.elyrics.net/go/s/sting-lyrics/children_s-crusade-lyrics/ Secondary Sources Beasley. C (2002) Wilfred Owen The Literature Network [online] accessed at http://www.online-literature.com/owen/ Roberts E V, Jacobs H.E (2000) Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing (6th Edition) Prentice Hall College Div

Imagery Tone and Word of Choice

â€Å"Imagery, Tone and Word Choice† An author can establish the mood of the story by either using figurative language or through using word of choice. Figurative language means the language that utilizes expressions or words with a meaning which is totally different from the literal interpretation. It can also mean different words but that have the same meaning. Word of choice is when you choose to use words that are descriptive and specific that tell your readers what you are trying to say. For example: instead of using a word like sad or unhappy the author decides to use instead a word like sorrowful or morbid.Or instead of using a word like happy the author uses a word like overjoyed or pleasant to be specific to the readers. In the readings Beowulf and Grendel translated by Seamus Heaney, Beowulf translated by Francis B. Gummere, Beowulf translated by Benjamin Slade, and Beowulf translated by David Breeden the translators used word of choice imagery, and tone both similar and differently to be precise about what they wanted to tell the readers. There is a difference in complexity of the writing when it comes to word choice. In the reading Beowulf and Grendel translated by Seamus Heaney the translator chose to begin the story with: So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness. We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns. † (249). While in the reading Beowulf translated by Francis B. Gummere the translator started the story with: â€Å"LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won! † (1). Both readings Beowulf translated by Benjamin Slade and Beowulf translated by David Breeden started somehow the same.Beowulf translated by Benjamin Slade started by: â€Å"Listen! We—of the Spear-Danes in the days of yore, of those clan-kings—heard of their glory. how these nobles performed courageou s deeds. † (1). The translator David Breeden began his translation with: â€Å"Listen: You have heard of the Danish Kings in the old days and how they were great warriors. Shield, the son of Sheaf, took many an enemy’s chair, terrified many a warrior, after he was found an orphan. (1). The translation by David Breeden and Benjamin Slade started with â€Å"Listen† but they both used a different expression towards the word. Benjamin Slade used the word like in a more aggressive and possessive manner while David Breeden used the word in a more calmly and peaceful manner. Seamus Heaney and Francis B. Gummere started their translations differently from David Breeden’s and Benjamin Slade’s translations but both of their translations were written like in more of a poetry format than the other two translations.Imagery was also used by the translators to create visual descriptive images in the readers minds. David Breeden used imagery to create a visual ima ge of when one of the characters died and his people carried him to the sea and his body was laid in a ship which was conducted by the sea with no destination. This part of the translations gives a briefly description of what occurred: â€Å"Shield died at his fated hour, went to God still strong. His people carried him to the sea, which was his last request.In the harbor stood a well-built ship, icy but ready for the sea. They laid Shield there, propped him against the mast surrounded by gold and treasure from distant lands. † (1-2). Francis B. Gummere used imagery to give us an image of Beowulf’s life in the sea and adventures with evil monsters and other creatures. The translator used: â€Å"ME thus often the evil monsters thronging threatened.With trust of my sword, the darling, I dealt them due return! Nowise had they bliss from their booty then to devour their victim, vengeful creatures, seated to banquet at bottom of sea; but at break of day, by my brand sore h urt, on the edge of the ocean up they lay, put to sleep by the sword. † (66). David Breeden gave us an image of Shield’s last death wish. He used some words like for example: sea, ship, treasure and gold. Francis.B Gummere gave us an image of Beowulf’s adventures with monsters and how they laid at the edge of the sea after he defeated them. Gummere used some words that point imagery like for example: evil monsters, sword, vengeful creatures, and sea. Slade’s translation used imagery to make us imagine or picture the hardships and journeys on the sea. How Beowulf’s and the other warriors lives were risked and the battles they had with monsters. He translated: â€Å" ‘Listen, you a great deal—Unferth, my friend Breca, told of his journey.Truth I claim that I sea-strength greater had, hardship on the waves, than any other man; we had it agreed, being lads, and vowed— being both then still in the years of youth—that we out o n the ocean our lives would risk, and thus we did. We had naked swords when we rowed on the ocean-sound. † (12). Benjamin Slade used words like for example: journey, hardship, waves, youth, risk, and naked swords to give imagery.Tone was used differently by some of the translators then the others. Some used more positive tones in their translations. While other of the translators used more negative tones. Francis B. Gummere used a negative tone in the translation. This part of the translation has a tone of negative attitude: â€Å"With envy and anger and evil spirit endured the dole in his dark adobe, that he heard each day the din of revel high in the hall: there harps rang out, clear song of the singer†¦.. riumphant, sun and moon for a light to lighten the land-dwellers, and braided bright the breast of earth with limbs and leaves, made life for all of mortal beings that breathe and move. † (3). Some words that point out a negative tone are: envy, anger, triumph ant and mortal. Benjamin Slade also used a negative tone in this part of the translation: â€Å"That was great misery for the Friend of the Scyldings, a breaking of his spirit.Many often sat the mighty at counsel; pondered a plan†¦.. against the sudden horror, to do; sometimes they pledged at holy temples sacred honouring, in words bid that them the demon-slayer would offer succor from the plight of the people. † (4). Benjamin used different words that point out a negative tone, some are: misery, horror, demon-slayer and spirit.David Breeden used a positive tone in this part of his translation: â€Å"The words of the poet, the sounds of the harp, the joy of people echoed. The poet told how the world came to be, how God made the earth and the water surrounding, how he set the sun and the moon as lights for people and adorned the earth with limbs and leaves for everyone.Hrothgar’s people lived in joy, happy until that wanderer of the wasteland, Grendel the demo n, possessor of the moors, began his crime. † (3). Some of the clue words that he used a positive tone are: harp, joy, sun, moon, earth and happy. Which makes it some sort of like a peaceful tone. Seamus Heaney translation used a positive tone in the following part of his translation: â€Å"Beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute.That was one good king. Afterwards a boy-child was born to Shield, a cub in the yard, a comfort sent by God to that nation†¦. Shield had fathered a famous son: Beow’s name was known through the north†¦. behaviour that’s admired is the path to power among people everywhere. † (427. ) Some clue words that Heaney used that points out tone are: tribute, famous, power, and admired .In conclusion the translators used word of choice, imagery, and tone both similar and differently to be precise about what they wanted to tell the readers. It is like a comparing and contrasting on what in the translation s was common and what was different. Primary Source: Heaney, Seamus. â€Å"Beowulf’. Norton. Kindle Edition. (2001-02-17). Kindle Location 434. Secondary Sources: Breeden, David. â€Å"Beowulf’. The adventures of Beowulf an Adaption from the Old English. 1-4. Print. Gummere, B. Francis. â€Å"Beowulf†. Beowulf, 8th century. 1-66. Print. Slade, Benjamin. Beowulf. (2002-12). 1-65. Print

Video Game Industry Market Research Reports, Statistics and Analysis

Global Video Games industriousness pic The macrocosm video bid labor is predicted to record 9% yearly process through 2013, to exceed $76 trillion, consort to Business Insights. Mobile and online play formats ordain fuel the cacographyet, with customers taking advantage of wider, speedy and more ready lucre access. cabinet frolic, the foodstuffs current surgical incision leader, will see its rate of gross sales decelerate. Since the first video mettlesome was launched on the market around 45 days ago, the video plot sedulousness has interpreted a central place in entertainment culture for children and adults alike.Far from the troglodyte habit it may have been traditionally, online gaming involves communities and is based on interaction. Key commercialize Segments Climbing world demand for massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG) is anticipate to push the market to oer $14 billion by 2015, tally toGlobal Industry Analysts. Technological developments on with faster, wider- establishing broadband connectivity argon driving the market. The world social gaming market nearly hit the $1. 5 billion mark in 2010, reportsBusiness Insights.The market is pass judgment to reach shutting to $4 billion by 2015, with the US a star(p) region generating sales of $1. 2 billion, followed by Japan at $570 million. There are currently 600 million social spiritedrs worldwide, with chinaware instituteing close to 110 million, followed by the US at 95 million bizrs. By 2015, it is predicted there will be close to 275 million adventurers in mainland China and cl million in the US. Leading game companies include Playdom, CrowdStar, Synga, Digital Chocolate and EA. With consumers connecting to the internet with smartphones, gaming has become progressively mobile. more than than 27% of smartphone subscribers have installed one game or more, with close to 35% having installed at least five on their phones, correspond toVisiongain. Mobile game makers, and phone and electronic device makers have been collaborating to capitalize on the trend towards mobile gaming. The world game console market is expected to reach almost $25 billion by 2014, according toMarketLine, representing almost 13% festering in five years. The Americas represent almost 45% of the boilers suit market.The three star companies in the market are Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft. regional Market Share Indias gaming market is predicted to grow by 30% by 2014, reportsNetscribes. The market is lead by mobile gaming, which represents close to 60% of the overall market. shimmer competitions, the creation of gaming zones and change magnitudely popular MMOGs will fuel the market. proceeds providers are likely to generate higher(prenominal) revenue, and 3D games will become increasingly popular. Chinas games and accessories market is expected to continue recording strong growth.Peripherals and accessories represent a leading market segment, with increasing demand for auxiliary devices to keep up with gaming product innovation. The online game market in Korea reached a value of over $2 billion in 2011, reports bead Research. Game companies in Korea continue to sign on international business, expanding in the US, the EU, China and Japan. Of the $585 million generated by leading game operator Nexon, the largest share came from business orthogonal of Korea. Market OutlookThe global gaming industry has seen consumer demand soar give thanks to social networking, technological innovation favoring mobile gaming, and the popularity of cyber communities promoting collective online gaming. Marketing and distribution is world facilitated by social networking sites, which do such(prenominal) of the work of attracting an increasing numbers of gamers. As ever, IP protection and piracy go forward major issues for the industry, which continues to lose revenues do to ill-gotten downloading. Moving forward, the global gaming industry is likely to repre sent an ever-present rival for other media, including music and TV.As the pagan trend towards social networking and gaming continues, consumers are as likely to log in to play a leading game (like World of Warcraft) as they are to faulting on the TV to watch a film. Leading Industry railroad ties American Gaming tie-upwww. americangaming. org Entertainment Software Associationwww. theesa. com National Video Game Associationhttp//nvgaonline. com Interactive Software Federation of europiumwww. isfe. eu European Games Developer Federationwww. egdf. eu