Saturday, August 31, 2019

Children’s Language Development

Children’s language development and second language acquisition Sandra Morales Texas Woman’s University Children’s language development and second language acquisition The paper investigates how children develop their cognitive and language skills in a context that is influenced by social and biological factors. The literature review discusses the Cognitive and Social Constructivism theories and their influence on the education field. In addition the author presents how children develop their language at different stages and how those stages influence the growth and development of a second language.Language acquisition is one of the most important topics in cognitive development. In the study of language development it is necessary to consider all the factors that affect cognitive development and their influence on child development. Many theorists investigate how children acquire language skills and how heredity, environment, culture, and biological factors infl uence language development (Meadows, 2006). Rationale It has been said that language is a characteristic that establishes a difference between animals and humans.It is the ability to communicate with others, transmit and receive information gathered through symbols, gestures, facial expressions or other ways to express thoughts that others can understand what has been said (Jones, 1972). What is language? According to Bochner (1997) language is a form of communication. It involves a system of signs and symbols that are used by a group of people to communicate. The symbols include but are not limited to written symbols and sounds.The language may be diverse in different cultures in terms of how the symbols system is used, the formal properties of the language, and the way people use that language to communicate with others in the same culture. Every culture has its own language system. As a matter of fact all languages have four main components (Bochner, 1997): Pragmatics (use) †“ learn to use the sounds, gestures, words, and body language. Meaning (semantics) –understand the messages, represented in words, or written.Rules (syntax and morphology) – use the grammatical system of the language, combine words to convey a meaning. Sounds – Are the words intelligible enough that others can understand them. Throughout this paper the author will discuss various theoretical perspectives associated with the language development of children at different stages of their development. Some scholars such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Chomsky have revealed common ideas between the language acquisition and the cognitive development that are being discussed in this paper.The purpose of this paper is to present the process of how children develop their language through the lenses of those four theorists and their contributions in the early childhood field. In addition the reader will find information regarding how children learn and develop a second language and the implication during the development. The primary consideration about language development is immersed in a controversy concerning the roots of language acquisition, and how people communicate their thinking processes, feelings and ideas.According to Meadows (2006) language development involves different processes that include but are not limited to physical, emotional and cognitive development. Having an understanding of the differences between individuals, their experiences and their contact with other adults and significant ones, will help to understand how the language is developed. All this provides the opportunities for growth and development in different areas that complement the life of the person. In relation to the development the contact and relation with others start influencing the baby in his mother's womb.During the gestational time the fetus can hear the voice of their mother, and other sounds (music, etc), and after their birth they can recognize the voice of others. In other words the learning process starts at early stages in child development. Literature Review Piaget Cognitive Constructivism Piaget’s main focus of constructivism has to do with the person and how they construct their knowledge. Piaget believed individuals must adapt to their environment, and develops as parts of the adaptation process to the environment.According to Piaget, the individual needs to understand the information that they are receiving in order to be able to use it; they must construct their own knowledge (Powell, 2009). For Piaget, language development is internal mental processes controlled by developmental processes and is done individually, without the interventions of others (Agbenyega, 2009). As a result of mastering one stage, children will be ready to move, learn, and develop according to the expectations of the next stage. In regards to language development Piaget sees language as part of the cognitive development.How children thin k determines when and what the child can speak. In addition Piaget, states that children’s talking abilities emerge naturally without any formal teaching by adults, however more sophisticated vocabulary require formal education and experiences with the language. During early stages of the development according to Piaget, words are related to schemas of actions related to the child and those schemas will later be incorporated into exiting schemas that will support future learning experiences. Through the process of assimilation and accommodation, children go searching for what Piaget called balance or equilibration.Assimilation according to Piaget, is when the individual adds new information into their schemas. Accommodation is when individuals change their schemas to understand new information into their knowledge. Piaget states that children learn to construct meaning about the new information and through assimilating and accommodating that information into their schemas. Du ring the equilibration the individual looks for information received that makes sense with previous information. When the children find that balance, they move again to a more comfortable stage where the information received makes sense.According to Piaget, children pass through different stages in their development; going through these stages provides children with a constant acquisition of information that will increase and help to build new knowledge and understanding of previous information learned. The basic principle of assimilation refers to the ability of children to use what they already know to understand the world around them. In contrast accommodation refers to the process of changing mental structures to provide consistency with external reality. It occurs when existing schemas are modified for a ew experience. Both principles help children to develop and construct their thinking patterns and use it according with their needs (Agbenyega, 2009). He believed that the mind does not respond to stimulus and consequences, but grows and change over different periods of time. In other words the intelligence appears progressively through the repetitions of activities that vary in each stage of the development. Piaget’s four stages of development: Sensorimotor from 0 to two during this stage children discover the environment around them, using their senses and then acquiring the language.Preoperational from two to seven years old: At this stage children develop language skills, however, they understand what they are saying but do not grasp totally what others have said. Here they distinguish pictures and other objects. Concrete operations from seven to eleven years old: At this stage children use their logical reasoning about things. Formal operations from eleven to adulthood: During this stage individuals use higher order thinking skills and abstractions to solve problems. Piaget’s stages of development are all about how children learn at dif ferent ages through their development.Based on the individual, all go through the same stages during their development. Social Constructivism Vygostsky and Bruner Social constructivism is based on the social interaction between the children with significant others, such as parents, caregivers, peers, and teachers. Vygotsky framework involves the social interactions and culture as part of the language development. He discussed the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD controls what the children learn, also what he can learn and do when he is helped by others. According to Vygotsky the learning process is easier when others are involved.Children may be asked to perform a task, students have some meaning of the task they need to complete, however, they may have difficult to do it. But with the adequate support to complete the task they will do it. Bruner's theory of constructivism discussed the idea of learning as an active process where the learners are able to form new ideas ba sed on their current and past knowledge. Jerome Bruner emphasized the importance of social interactions and explained that children develop language based on their contact with others as a result of educational processes (Bruner, 1960).He discussed scaffolding and how the construction of knowledge is based on their existing knowledge acquired during previous development. Scaffolding refers to the knowledge of previous skills that provide support for the acquisition of new learning experiences. Bruner and Vygostky believed that learning processes are tied to this concept, and facilitate a student’s ability to build on prior knowledge. For these theorists, the influence of experiences is a basic ingredient in the language development. Chomsky naturalistic approachChomsky argues that language is a unique human ability. He discussed the innate abilities of children to learn the language. As a result, all children go through the same process to learn a language (Stark, 2008). He d iscussed the language acquisition device (LAD) that allows children to produce in consistent ways the use of their first language. In this framework, all languages use nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other grammar rules. In addition, Chomsky established that children learn language through means other than imitation; they do not always imitate mistakes made by others.Chomsky maintains that it is necessary to have formal instruction in the proper use of language and grammar (Stark, 2008). Child language development When we speak about the communication process, we speak about the ability to receive and transfer information that other people can understand and mean something to others. Verbal and nonverbal forms are expressions that enhance the communication with others. The process of language development would be described as a continuous process that gradually changes during the individual development. As soon as after birth a process of communication begins.Infants try to communicate with adults using sounds, cooing. Those sounds are an important step on the road of language development, leading to a future stage where children are able to use the language to communicate in complex ways such as using words and sentences to express their thoughts. Language development includes understanding and communication skills based on words, spoken and written forms. According to Meadows (2006) different theoretical models such as Chomsky stated that language is innate and just with minimal exposure the child could develop their home language.The exposition to language pattern gives them the basic knowledge to learn the maternal tongue. The nature versus nurture perspective supports the point that when the child is exposed to a language, they will learn the patterns for that language naturally. In other words exposing a child to a language pattern will allow them to learn that language. However, the exposure to another language other than maternal tongue on a regular basis will provide with the pattern in that second language that the children will eventually learn, due to his exposition to the patterns and sound of that other language.Studies conducted by Macilla (2011) reveals that the frequency of the exposure to a second language and the consistency will influence how well the children will learn and perform using the second language. From birth the children are preparing for speech as a way to communicate with others. They are developing their physiological and cognitive structures to learn how to talk. Children pass through different stages to prepare the pharynx and larynx to produce those sounds, related to a pattern of their language.The native language of the child does not matter. They all move through the same stages using vowels and consonants to produce sounds that seem like words for the adults. The adults assign the meaning to the first sound that the babies produce. However, at the beginning there are just random patterns, babbling th at later during the development will continue into repeating the letter combination until the children learn a way to communicate using those patterns previously learned. All children are born with an innate ability to communicate (Chomsky 2006).As children grow language becomes an important tool to establish and maintain relationships with others. The nature of language includes the use of words, sentences and other grammar rules. It is important to understand the relationship between cognition and language development, in the context of prior knowledge and how experiences influence development (Wegerif, 2011). According to Bochner (1997) children move through these stages in learning to talk: Stage 1: Preliminary skills – Looking together, imitation, playing.Stage 2: Pre-verbal skills – Performatives (broom, quack) Stage 3: First words – â€Å"dog† â€Å"car† â€Å"mum† Stage 4: Early sentences – â€Å"daddy's car† â€Å"dog gone† Stage 5: Extending meaning – adding English morphemes, such as plurals Jones (1972) describes the stages in the development of speech as follows: Crying period – At birth, a newborns crying is the first vocal response to the environment around them. Vocal play period – Around the second month, infants begin to make different sounds. This production of sounds is an important step in the child’s language development.A variety of sounds may be heard in any language, but from the phonetic elements of babbling, the language that the child hears is the language that he or she eventually will use as their first language. Eventually, they will learn and master the grammar rules of that language. Sound imitation period – This period has two phases. The first phase begins around the six months and is initiated by the child’s awareness of sounds he produces. Because he likes what is being heard, he continues the repetition of those sounds. In the second phase, the child imitates sounds that he heard from others, â€Å"echolalia. This stage begins about the ninth month. The first sounds that the child imitates are those which are familiar, mostly coming from parents or caregivers. At this stage is when language development makes its formal appearance. The child comprehends simple words, specific vocalizations that have meaning for parents and caregivers. Language acquisition period – Begins about the last month of the first year. At this stage begins the conventional sound pattern or close to one. The child says the first words in their native language. The child understands and responds appropriately to others verbally.Between thirteen to eighteen months there is a slow growth of vocabulary. A language is based on grammatical structure, and that structure rests on rules that determine how to express thoughts. The three major components of language are: phonology (study of the smallest unit of speech called ph onemes), syntax (refers to the rules to form sentences), and semantic (the meaning of words and sentences). Every language has its own particularities; however, every language has the same components, in which people learn how to communicate based on the structure of their own language.To summarize how oral language is acquired, it is important to mention that the child moves through different stages during their development, in order to acquire the language and skills to be successful. Infants listen and very early begin to communicate their needs through the use of sounds and gestures. Toddlers use the language using simple sentences and asking questions. Young preschoolers used complete sentences to communicate. Theorists in language development discussed that a child produces sounds as a form to communicate with others.Those sounds come from his or her adaptation to the environment around them and as a consequence of the reinforcement by others during the learning and developmen tal processes. According to Beller (2008) the reinforcement occurs primarily when the child hears the sounds and considers those pleasant sounds. When those sounds are imitated by the child and he or she is rewarded in any way that produce satisfaction, the act of repetition begins, and eventually those sound combinations and repetitions open the door for a more sophisticated way of communication until the proper use of language appears.Learning a second language How children develop a second language has been a topic of interest since 1940 (Beller, 2008). Theorists discussed that learning a new language requires the use of existing structures that are supported by the first language. Language is a symbol for a social group. In many countries, people learn more than one language is associated with political issues. In many countries it is related to the level of education. To be considered educated in Europe, people have to know at least two languages. In the United States the secon d language is more related to immigrant issues.Many children who come from immigrant families learn their parent’s language and English as a second language. In future generations English will become their first language. During the early stages of the development of the mother tongue is necessary. It is considered part of the intellectual ability, is the individual’s first contact with language from birth, and supports emotional and cognitive development. Through the development the child learns the structure of his or her first language and that helps them to come up with his or her interpretations of the events around them.To master a second language according to Noormohamadi (2008) a child has to master his or her mother tongue. If the child does not master the first language, that will make the process of learning another language more difficult. When the first language is learned and the child has a total command of the language, the process of learning another l anguage will be supported by the first language, and all the concepts and learning can be transferred to the second language. The environment around the child has great influence on the child's vocabulary, skills, and general understanding of the language.According to Vygotsky, social interactions between children and adults influence the acquisition of any language. Another aspect to consider during the child's language development is the concept of nurturing. This concept is totally related to the social interactions. Nurturing bring up the issue of the relationship between the child and other adults. Children who are attached to their families are more likely to communicate for longer periods, and this helps their communication and language development.The amount of time children spend talking to others will improve their language skills. It is important to mention that each culture has standards of conversations between children and adults. Many cultures such as western cultures see children as conversational partners, promoting the verbal development of the child. Other cultures such as Hispanic culture do not discuss events or problems with their children. In these cultures children are not allowed to be active participants in adult conversations.Variations in social-cultural beliefs are aspects to consider in the development of a second language Oades-Sese (2011). The influence and relationship with others, within the same cultural values and language is significant and will add positive reinforcement to how the child learns and develops through his life. Based on Piaget's theory children learn and develop by organizing their experiences into schemas that helps them to understand the world around them. Those schemes are related to two important concepts in Piaget’s theory, adaptation and assimilation.During development children assimilate new information into the schemas that they already have, accommodating the new information into their mental structures. This process continues until the children learn the new information and come into a stage of equilibrium. For those children who are learning a second language the knowledge of their first language helps them in the acquisition of the second. All languages have their structure integrated by sounds, letters, grammar rules, and other factors that help the learner to acquire the language.The structure of each language contains variations such as alphabet, pronunciation, specific rules based on that language, but in general the similarities in structure facilitate the acquisition of the second language because using the knowledge in the first language helps make connections with the second language. Therefore the learning process is easier for the child. Conclusion The combination of the theories presented in this paper provides the author a new perspective regarding language acquisition and development in early childhood.Each theory supports Piaget, Vygotsky, and Chomsky fr ameworks based on observations and their studies on how children develop the language. However, each theory can blend to show how a child develops language and which methods can be used in order to reinforce the acquisition and retention of the first and second language. Each theory discussed helps to explain the process of language development, from Piaget’s cognitive constructivism which emphasizes a child’s ability to reason and construct his or her own knowledge, based on the individual experience, to Vygostky’s social influences and interactions to Chomsky’s nativism approach.All of these theories interpret language development differently. However, of all theories discussed throughout this paper it is the author’s belief that social interactions are the most helpful approach to understand how children develop language. Biological and environmental factors are necessary in order for a child to learn the language and develop the language. Moreo ver, the child’s interaction with others influences the acquisition of the language. It is important for the child to interact with others in order to learn the pattern of the language.Language development is a long process influenced by biological, family, and environmental factors that contribute the growth of the child in all aspects of their development including of course, the language acquisition. In order to learn another language, researchers such as Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Chomsky discussed the importance of learning and mastering the mother tongue. It is necessary to learn the grammar rules of the first language to use that knowledge to transfer the concepts learned into the second language. However, is a long learning process that starts after birth and continues through the child development.According to Mancilla-Martinez (2011) who stated that children need to continue having formal instruction in order to develops proficiency in the first language and have formal instruction in the second language. For some immigrants’ children born in a foreign country or even those who were born in the United States to immigrant parents, school is the first formal exposure to English language. This group will eventually come a large portion of the society needs the support of formal instruction to learn and develops the proficiency on the second language.To become proficient in the English language does not require parents use of English at home; however, to develop proficiency in the first language the instructional support and use of the language at home is necessary. It is necessary to be aware of the increments of this population and the particularities of each culture in order to support the language development (Mancilla Martinez, 2011). Many factors are associated with language development; most of them are associated when children begin attending primary grade levels, this is when the use of more sophisticated vocabulary is introduce d.The students need to learn the higher level of language in order to become proficient in the second language. Even learning the mother tongue, children need to learn more scholarly vocabulary and grammar rules appropriate for their age and to understand these when they encounter them in textbooks. When children come from homes in which a language other than English is used lead the proficiency in that language. Understanding the patterns of the first language is essential to developing effective programs to facilitate the study and acquisition of a second language.This fact is applicable for all levels of study of second languages. Therefore the educational systems should support the study and application of this in the teaching of second language. Mastery of the first language is a vital factor in the progress to study and acquire fluency in other languages. Its acquisition is a basis and support for all other languages studied throughout one's lifetime. References Agbenyega, J. (2009). The australian early development Index, who does it measure: Piaget or Vygotsky’s child? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 34(2), 31-38.Beller, S. (2008). Fostering language acquisition in daycare settings. Early Childhood Development. 49, 1-52. Bloom, L. , Lahey, M. (1978). Language development and language disorders. US. Bochner, S. , Price, P ; Jones, J. (1997). Child language development. Lerning to talk. London: England. Chomsky, N. (2006). In Chomsky. Info. Retrieved February 9, 2011, Chomsky. Info Online: http://www. chomsky. info/ Chosmky, N. (2005). Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(1), 1-22. Feldman, R. S. (2010). Essentials of Understanding Psychology. 9th edition Greene, M. 1960). Learning to talk. A parents’ guide to the first five years. US. NY. Jones, M. and Guidon, A. (1972). Language development. They key to learning. US. Mancilla-Martinez, J. and Lesaux, N. (2011). Early home language use and later vocabulary devel opment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(3), 535-546. Meadows, S. (2006). The Child as Thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhood ( 2nd ed. ). NY: Routledge. Noormohamadi, R. (2008). Mother tongue, a necessary step to intellectual development. Journal Pan-Pacific Applied Linguistics, 12(2), 25-36.Oades-Sese, G. ; Li, Y. (2011). Attachment relationship as predictors of language skill for at-risk bilingual preschool children. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 707-722. doi: 10. 1002/pits. 20583. Piaget, J. (1928). The child’s conception of the world. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Powell, K. ,, and Kalina, C. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism: Developing tools for an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-250. Wegerif R. (2011). Towards a Dialogic Theory of How Children Learn to Think. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 6(3), 179–190.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Information systems strategic planning Essay

Information systems strategic planning involves setting up computer based applications with an aim of helping in achieving organizations objectives. When setting up the system plan, the impact, efficiency and effectiveness of the computer based applications should be major factors to consider. Six months ago while working as a part time accountant I had a circumstance which up to now I find to have thought strategically. During that time one of my main duties was raising invoices against the received or incoming purchase orders. With the company dealing in communication network equipment installations a completion certificates had to be received from the customers so as to raise the invoices. Knowing that sometimes I would be away from work on other official or personal commitments I had to think and come up with a plan to avoid having late invoicing or queries from the management on why the invoicing for particular jobs was not done. I came up with an idea of preparing in advance all the invoices corresponding purchase orders and save them in my laptop. I would make all the relevant invoices ready only the date detail would remain awaiting confirmation for invoicing. Once I was away or in the office and was called to make an invoice I would just fill the date and forward the invoice so fast than expected to the respective customer and my management personnel. This was always coming as a surprise to the management since it was so fast and thorough. The outcome of my strategic thinking was so impressive to me and the management. It not only created efficiency and effectiveness but also

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Critical Analysis Essay about economic issue Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Critical Analysis about economic issue - Essay Example Although the time is still unclear, if current impressive growths of the Chinese Economy continue for the unforeseeable future, there is no doubt that the Chinese economy will be the largest in the World (Finn, 43). The World Bank statistics compared the economies of the US and China in 2012 using nominal GDP figures. In 2012, the World Bank valued the US economy at $16 trillion. On the other hand, it estimated the Chinese economy at $8 trillion, half the size of the US economy (Finn, 43). Some economists used these statistics to conclude that the China will not be in a position to overtake the US as the largest economy in the world. However, these estimates may be misleading, as they do not take into account the fluctuations of the exchange rates. To compare these two economies by nominal GDP size, analysts must convert the size of the Chinese economy from Yuan to dollars using the market exchange rates. As a result, this method ignores the fluctuation of the Yuan to the US dollars. In addition, the US treasury and some economists believe that China undervalues its currency to improve its competitive advantage in international trade. Currency devaluation makes a country’s exports cheaper, while imports become expensive. This encourages exports while discouraging imports therefore, creating a positive balance of trade. If indeed the China undervalues its currency, it follows that estimating its size using the US dollars will considerably understate the size of its economy. As a result, the Chinese economy may be larger than nominal GDP figures estimate. Besides devaluing a currency by, for instance 10%, does not portend a decline in the economy by 10%. National Intelligence Council (16) states that a better way to compare the size of the Chinese and US economies is by the use of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP rates consider the different costs of goods in various countries.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

The human resources management practices in the UK Essay

The human resources management practices in the UK - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that the practices of HRM are particularly required since companies are engaged in activities that are no more restricted to the local regions but have their presence globally. In order to uphold significant competitive advantage and manage the global pressure, companies need to focus on its HRM practice effectively. The human resources management practices involve certain core activities that are common to every country irrespective of the businesses being in prevalence in the nation. These activities include human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment and selection, performance management and appraisal, career development, pay management, employee relations, and training and development all that are associated with the human resource management in different countries with probable differences in the manner the measures get executed, and thus help in a complete and integrated management of businesses in every country . Considering the human resources management practices in the United Kingdom (UK), studies reveal that several changes have taken place over the years in the frameworks of regulation, globalization as well as the pressures associated with the need for costs reduction. Sparrow had suggested that the key responsibility of the HRM in this context is to involve people in the right manner such that they get to learn and understand significant issues and accordingly cooperate towards effective performances. (Cesyniene, 2008, p.43). The present study focuses on the human resources management practices in the UK, and discusses and analyses on the cultural, political, economic and social factors that tend to affect such practices within the country. Human Resources Management in the UK: An Overview: Both the government of the UK as well as their membership of the EU have led to higher degrees of regulation in the country that is reflected on the human resources management practices of UK. Th e UK government follows strict legislative rules on labor activities that are known to bring significant improvements as far as the rates of strikes and absence at workplaces are concerned. Studies reveal that strike activities were reduced to great extents in during the time periods of 1999/2001. Also, the numbers of working days that are lost were found to reduce from 330 during the 1980s to as less as 11 days in this period. However this regulation was again found to get disrupted due to labor unions and strife during 2004-2006. Apart from the issues of regulation there are other factors associated with the HRM practices in the UK. Although an Equal Pay Act has been acted in the country focusing on equal value of men and women, yet there prevails a gender gap in the country and differences in wages and salaries have also been obtained (Cesyniene, 2008, pp.43-44). Individual innovative measures of HRM practices are also found in the UK where the managers of different organizations tend to employ different programs involving the employees of the organization effectively and trying to focus on employment relations as well (Bratton & Gold, 2001, p.31). Policies and procedures in regard to HRM practices are considerably taken concern of in the UK. The HR policies state the activities needed to be followed for particular issues. The procedures on the other hand determine ways to implement the different policies as decided the HRM teams for different organizations. The policies and procedures are mandatory for organizational employees to follow

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Human communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human communication - Essay Example According to Saussure, a signifier is a label attached to an object under discussion, and the signified is the object or mental concept of the object. The two units form the sign, but no absolute rules connecting the signifier and signified exist. This creates an arbitrary relationship with the physical impression often contradicting the mental concept (Signs 2007). Toyota has applied this concept to the extreme with an advertisement that shows an idyllic country scene with a lush green landscape. The focus, however, is on one tree, entwined with almost naked human bodies ( Zero 2007). In this very visual ad, denoting, according to the accompanying text (which is so tiny, it is difficult to read), the need for balance between man and nature, the signifier, or label, is the title of the adZero Emissionsè ¬ ¡hich has no real connection to the pictorial aspect of the ad. Charles S. Peirce was a theorist of logic, language, communication and the general theory of signs. He expanded Saussures theories of signifier and signified, adding more theories to the communication process (Burch 2007). The scene in Toyotas ad follows Peirces concept of Icon, Index and Symbol. The object is zero emissions depicting its message of mans concern for nature, and the tree of life is an icon showing the connection and thereby creating the index. The symbol, however, is the arbitrary connection, the word TOYOTA printed in red . The word Toyota calls forth a picture of a car, which represents damage to the environment through harmful emissions. Toyota, however, in the text for the ad, promises zero emissions as a future goal. By combining visual and verbal, the company manages to create a positive image for its customers from an arbitrary connection, with a hybrid automobile representing the present global emphasis on green. The scantily clad men and women in the ad brin g to mind the Garden of Eden and this creates a mental image of

Monday, August 26, 2019

Theoretical Perspectives and the Strong Argument Essay

Theoretical Perspectives and the Strong Argument - Essay Example Functionalism, Behaviorism, dependency theory, critical theories, and other approaches, including international ethics, post-colonialism, post-modernism, historical sociology, state cartel theory, and geopolitics. (Baylis and Smith, 2001) Then, in order to define historical events of the global policy within conceptual framework, according to Sens and Stoett, we must connect international relations with theoretical perspectives as their origins but on the contrary as their outcomes. (2005) So, let us begin the thorough examination of methods of global politics with the Realism. It can be classical (for example, writings of Thomas Hobbes), neo-realist, offensive, defensive, neo-classical, and liberal (English school). (Brown, 2005) Being separated into three main groups, realist theories presented nation-states as the â€Å"main actors in international politics.† (Burchill, 2001) Firstly, â€Å"statism† is believed to be a â€Å"state-centric theory of international rel ations;† then, â€Å"survival† theory signifies that global policy is a â€Å"struggle for power between self-interested states† (Bucher, 1998); thirdly, â€Å"self-help† theory claims that â€Å"no other states can be relied upon to help guarantee the state’s survival.† (Brown and Nardin, 2002) Furthermore, theoretical approach of Liberalism, originated from the utopian tradition rather than from rational, claims that â€Å"state preferences†¦ are the primary determinant of state behavior,† (Der Derian, 1995) depending on culture, economy, or governance; on the contrary, Realism hold that only â€Å"high politics† could determine the nature of things in the international relations, not â€Å"low politics,† as it was stated by Liberalism. Afterwards, Neoliberalism, being widely known as neoliberal institutionalism, can be treated through a suggestion that only international institutions as an international cobweb of global institutions must be regarded as relevant enough to solve the problems with state autonomy and sovereignty within politic, human rights, economic, and social dimension. Also, Post-liberalism is focused constantly on the defining of terms of autonomy and sovereignty with a means of interdependency between states, global institutions, and non-state agents. Moreover, not being originated from positivist/rationalist group of theories, Constructivism could not be traced to the Realism or Liberalism. Therefore, arguing that â€Å"international policies is shaped by persuasive ideas, collective values, culture, and social identities,† Constructivism views the theoretical framework of global policy as socially constructed. Ultimately, if Realism was tended to determine the global politics by the factor of nation-state military power and Liberalism viewed international cobweb of global institutions as principally framed with the means of non-state agents, concepts

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Ost benefit framework to analysis cloud computing Essay

Ost benefit framework to analysis cloud computing - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Higher Education Institutes around the world have the necessity of having information technology in their institutions. The various institutions have a transition and now moving to cloud computing technologies, which is critical in shifting the cost of operation. The improvement on cost is coming from the fact that the services are no longer â€Å"locally hosted† but are now in a â€Å"rental model†. Apart from cost-benefit, cloud computing has the advantage of being available and resilient. There is an analysis of the benefits of cloud computing. The outcomes of the researchers demonstrate that there is an open door for both institutions of higher learning and Cloud suppliers to team up keeping in mind the end goal to upgrade the nature of administrations and decrease costs. There is an ambitious plan by the government of India to raise the enrollment of students in higher education from the current 16 million to 42 mill ion by the year 2020. There is also a plan interconnect the universities and colleges and offer e-learning in the process. All these plans will be made possible and cheaper through cloud computing. The system of education that has its basis on cloud computing provides efficiency where the construction and sometimes maintenance is by the cloud computing suppliers. Many organizations apart from the educational institutions are adapting to the Cloud computing services as it has a higher return on investment

Saturday, August 24, 2019

ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE - Essay Example Even when existing within the same genre of reporting, the differences between delivery types often dictate the way in which a report is written, including the various ways in which language is used to indicate the type of information contained, its identification as a formal or informal report, the means by which it is intended to be transmitted and the ways in which the information is strung together. The best way to understand the differences imposed by the delivery method is by comparing two different news reports, both covering the same topic, but distributing through differing media to a relatively comparable audience. In this type of comparison, one is able to look at the ways in which the report communicates its genre, how the text appears different from written to oral reporting, how the transitions change from one form to another and how the register, or tone, of the piece can change based upon the supposed audience style. Breaking news on the morning of September 10 focused upon the near shut-down of all UK airports in response to the discovery of a terrorist plot to detonate bombs on airliners while in flight. The CNN News report, aired around the world through various television channels and radio stations, immediately allowed audiences to identify the story as belonging to the genre of serious world news from the very first utterance by Robin Oakley. This is denoted by the carefully neutral tone of voice in which the report is delivered as well as the immediate introduction of â€Å"Home Secretary John Reid†, the very first words of the report. Although there is a touch to the light side, with the concept of people digesting their breakfasts, the introduction to the piece is kept as small and tightly contained as possible and the report shifts almost immediately to the words of the Home Secretary himself. In this and in other aspects, the story follows

The Berlin Conference of 1884 and Africa Research Paper

The Berlin Conference of 1884 and Africa - Research Paper Example The continent was relatively isolated from the rest of the world especially the western countries but historians have recorded early trade in Africa. Trans-Saharan trade is one of the earliest recorded commerce, carried out in Africa between eighth and 16th century (Wright, 2007). According to Wright (2007), Trans -Saharan trade was concentrated in the northern Africa and it involved countries around the Mediterranean Sea and West Africa. The trade route crossed the Saharan desert and the caravans travelled for long distances to obtain goods in various regions covered in the larger frontier. The Arabs dominated the trade and it mainly involved precious metals such as gold that was mined in West African region, ivory, salt and agricultural products. In addition, slave trade was an important component of Trans- Saharan trade, and African servants were transported to the north to work as soldiers and domestic workers (Wright, 2007 pp76-81). Conditions Leading to the Berlin Conference Th e rich gold deposits and success of the Trans-Saharan trade attracted the attention of Europeans and in the 15th century, Portuguese traders opened new trade routes along the West African coast that had rich gold deposits (Wright, 2007 p 137). ... In the mid 1870, Henry Morton successfully completed the Congo River basin expedition that had remained the last unchartered frontier in Africa (Emerson, 1979). Henry Morton was later appointed by King Leopold II of Belgium as an envoy to Congo that eventually became Congo Free State, a Belgian colony (Emerson, 1979 p69). In central Africa, France moved to the western part of the Congo basin and established Brazzaville in 1881. Great Britain conquered and occupied the Ottoman Empire in Egypt that ruled Sudan and the Somaliland. Germany declared territorial ownership of Namibia, Cameroon, and Togo while Italy claimed Eritrea in the horn of Africa in 1882 (Koponen, 1993 p124). The scramble for more African colonies generated intense competition among the European powers leading to violent conflicts and the need to have a more organized criterion for partitioning Africa became apparent. Germany had become an influential European power and other countries, including France and Britain we re aggressively seeking new colonies to assert their power in Europe. In view of the emerging power changes in Europe, Germany was determined to maintain its leading influence in Europe. Therefore, it was important to formulate a reasonable formula of partitioning African continent among the competing European powers to avoid the risk of conflict that would threaten Germany influence in Europe and the globe (Koponen, 1993, pp 129-133). The Berlin Conference At the request of Portugal, the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck invited leaders of fourteen European countries with territorial interests in Africa, and the United States for a conference in Berlin in 1884 (Collins,

Friday, August 23, 2019

E-commerce. Social Networking Sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-commerce. Social Networking Sites - Essay Example Facebook’s most important method of earning revenue is through advertising. A major chunk of its revenue is generated by the self-serve advertisement system which allows companies to decide who they want to market to, based on various preferences such as age, gender, marital status and the likes (Guardian 2009). The same report talks about Facebook selling virtual advertising estate on their websites to anyone who can dole out the cash, directing them to pages or profiles as they see fit. Finally, Facebook’s base of 3rd party apps has been the basis for many credit-card based transactions (in games for example) of which Facebook receives a certain percentage. All of these methods have helped Facebook’s revenue rise enough to be able to breakeven with its day to day costs which is a major breakthrough for any social networking site (Guardian 2009). MySpace The leading social networking site before Facebook was established, MySpace had made its name in the field for being a site that was preferred by upcoming musicians for its ability to allow easy sharing of music. It was considered the youth’s most preferred network, since it was the first site that allowed them to ‘relate to brands and bands’ (Web Strategist 2008). ... MySpace The leading social networking site before Facebook was established, MySpace had made its name in the field for being a site that was preferred by upcoming musicians for its ability to allow easy sharing of music. It was considered the youth’s most preferred network, since it was the first site that allowed them to ‘relate to brands and bands’ (Web Strategist 2008). However, the site currently owned by Specific Media, failed to innovate and lost a lot of its market share after the advent of Facebook, and has a current active user-base of 110 million users (The Next Web 2010). MySpace’s revenue model also revolves mostly around advertising. The site uses the basic two types of advertisements that are used by a lot of popular websites, namely pay-per-view and pay-per-click. In the former, the marketer pays a certain amount of money to have his Advertisement Banner up on MySpace’s pages while in the latter; he pays a certain amount (usually a few pennies) for every click that his advertisement gets. Although that may not sound like much, but with MySpace’s users still numbering in the million, the numbers certainly add up with the company making more than $550 million in revenue in 2007. However, since MySpace has fallen behind its major competitors, it needs to attract more users and perhaps find a more effective way of earning revenue than just relying on their current method, which seems ‘archaic’ in comparison with Facebook. Twitter Launched in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter revolutionized the concept of communicating through social network sites. Instead of relying on photos or music, the heart of Twitter

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Listening awareness between a Man and Woman Essay Example for Free

Listening awareness between a Man and Woman Essay It’s a learning experience to discuss communication variances between men and woman, but society must also forget, even for a brief moment that, â€Å"Men are from Mars, Woman are from Venus†. Everyone shouldn’t ponder how a woman or men would act, without knowing the self-esteem factors of listening can do. Don’t we ponder why woman are so easily give up in asking for directions, while men tend to not give up easily and try find there way out of an unknown town. Currently, society is just the beginning to understand the true differences between men and women. Besides the obvious physiological differentiations, there are also differences in the way men and women think, speak, behave and sharing listening factor variances that will help guide the way women and men can help communicate without it having any effect on one’s self-esteem. Non-verbal communication, because actions may sometimes speak louder than words â€Å" Women are more spontaneously emotionally expressive yet also have less ability in controlling their emotions, while men are more direct minded and straight to the point† (Jeff Thompson, Psychology Today Article). Body language is becoming for as a significance tool to identify any mixed signals, warning signs or welcoming behaviors between a man a woman, and this can lead to a low or high self-stem as well. Such as, people are enjoying more quiet moments, and just using welcoming body language or positive non-verbal communication, and simply the other person would listen by responding back with a sincere smile, hug, etc. Another aspect of non-verbal communication, it can send of the varied vibes of male dominance, men tend to have a more closed approach, while woman will show more affiliate body movement and response to a non-verbal reaction. Listening with reactions, and no verbal can leave men and woman having a dissimilar outlook, such as when woman touch there self’s too much, it may be identified as flirting, while the woman is seeing the man as squeamish or impatient. To say you are listening would be reinforced by eye contact and position of the body, facial expressions is a huge key factor for listening nonverbal communication. Therefore, nonverbal communication is important to resolving conflict, enjoying each others company, meaningful conversation and increasing trust between a man and woman. Another listening skills that will help improve men and woman self-esteem is active listening. Active listening will help improve empathy, build trust, and teach a person listen as much as he or she would speak during conversations. â€Å" Unfortunately, most people focus more on the speaking than they do on the listening† (Susan Cross, Psychology Today Article). If a women or man were to sit back an listen to what is happening, they would learn more and be able to think of a greater and responsive answer in a conversation that is happening. The problem that most people have is becoming a poor listener, because they are not actively listening or fully engulfing what is happening around they, and will is not only be perceived as rude but that they miss out on important knowledge of any given conversation, speech, for both sexes. Active listening is becoming extinct; because of modern day technology of social media is becoming more and more of a distraction. Using active listening, it will help a person understand any speaker, because the more that is being heard, the more the person and respond and reflect how the other person will be feeling. Active listening involves sensing, processing, and responding in empathic ways. Sensing, the man or woman would be able to take all that he or she is hearing and dissect a great response. Processing, is putting the pieces of the puzzle together, and responding after the active listening is to show a non-verbal response, giving a clue to the speaker that active listening is happening. In other word’s, men and woman alike should defiantly wait before they speak, a moment too soon may seem rude, not responding will leave a bitter reaction to the other person, so listen wisely with open ears and mind. A countless tool for men and women to comprehend, and learning what may affect the outcome of any given outcome, is reflective listening. For example, with active listening being used through text messages, emails, social media than a modern day phone call, reflective listening is becoming more critical to one’s communication. Various of incidents of miscommunication happens, because one person may not quietly understand a person’s reaction, were as reflective listening must be used to either help clarify what he or she is saying, or further create another question to have a more clarifying and direct response. â€Å"Empathy is surprisingly difficult to achieve. We all have a strong tendency to advise, tell, agree, or disagree from our own point of view.† ( Dalmar Fisher, Communications in Organization Article). Roughly, people want acceptance, and men tend not to reflect or show a response when accepting and agreement, and men also won’t show any acceptance when it’s disagreement. Woman will easily overuse emotions, rather it be acceptance of positive or negative news. Both sides should lean towards personal and reflective stories, than what is impersonal, distant or may push the opposing person away. If a woman or man can’t fully understand what the speaker is saying, just reiterate and clarify what just happened, verses driving the speaker with questions and turning the speaker into the listener. Reflecting listening, both sides will be able to show acceptance and empathy, not with indifference, cold objectivity, or fake actions that can lower the speaker’s or person dignity. Possibly the most significant, the reflective listener will try and respond to feelings, and not just to content, but with feelings. The speaker, rather is be a man or woman is often not looking for the solution of the surface problem, but rather for a way to deal with the emotional ramifications, and when it come’s to knowing how to communicate with a man or woman’s self-esteem, were all human beings. The outcome of non-verbal communication, active listening and reflective listening with men and woman will cause relationships to develop and learn to accept empathy, increase trust with one another. Having both sides listening, it is encouraging for both sides to discover and solve problems easier; people automatically believe they are naturally born listeners. Both men and woman, ten to listen for what we want to listen, than really listen to what the speaker is saying. Great relationships, rather is be friendship, spouses, workplace are only happening with knowing what good listening skills can be brought to all ends of the table. Communications is a key factor when it comes to listening between a man a woman, if it doesn’t happen or it’s built up between both sides, it would eventually fall apart and unable to rebuild. For both sides to appreciate what is current, and with woman that tend to hold on to past, just learn from it, rather than holding on to a distant memory. Furthermore, listening does build’s lifelong foundation between people, the foundation just needs to be up kept, and for both sides to speak up, but not forgetting to listen.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Aesthetic Attitude Is A Myth Philosophy Essay

Aesthetic Attitude Is A Myth Philosophy Essay In The Myth of the Aesthetic Attitude, George Dickie argues that the notion of the aesthetic attitude is a myth and attempts to argue against all forms of the idea. Whilst there are other compelling theories concerning the existence of the aesthetic attitude, he presents a strong case against it, arguing that all attempts to precisely describe such an attitude fail. His argument focuses on the notions of the aesthetic attitude proposed by Bullough and Stolnitz, which I will outline in this essay. Initially, Dickie considers Edward Bulloughs theory of psychical distance. Bullough suggests that in order to obtain an aesthetic attitude and judge an object aesthetically, the subject must distance themselves from that object and separate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the object and its appeal from ones own self, by putting it out of gear with practical needs and ends.  [1]  In doing so, Bullough says that contemplation of the object becomes alone possible  [2]  and you are no longer directly involved with the object. Bullough illustrates his idea using his fog at sea example, where he describes how unpleasant and dangerous the fog might seem to a person, but also how beautiful the fog is. Bullough thinks that it is the aesthetic attitude which enables ones view of the fog to change through a transformation by distance  [3]  as the fog is allowed to stand outside the context of our personal needs and ends and one can look at it objectively. For Bullough, only the right amount of distance enables the aesthetic attitude to be employed and he discusses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cases in which people are unable to bring off an act of distancing or are incapable of being induced into a state of being distanced.  [4]  Bulloughs example of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the jealous husband at a performance of Othello  [5]  unable to concentrate as he is thinking of his own wifes suspicious behaviour demonstrates being under-distanced as the subject is too emotionally involved with the play. Similarly, a light technician working on the play might be over-distanced as he is preoccupied with the lights and missing any emotional involvement with the play itself. Dickie may undermine Bulloughs concept of distance here as he questions whether one can deliberately distance oneself or whether one can be induced into a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦consciousness denoted by being distanced.  [6]  Dickie undermines the concept of distance here suggesting that there is no such experience as being distanced and so undermines Bulloughs theory. Furthermore, Dickie criticises Bulloughs use of new terms referring to distance, as he thinks to introduce these terms does nothing but send us chasing after phantom acts and states of consciousness.  [7]  Dickie infers that there is no identifiable psychological experience of being distanced  [8]  and so no value in Bulloughs idea of distance. Furthermore he suggests that being under or over-distanced is simply being more or less focused on something and just two different cases of inattention.  [9]  Therefore, being distanced means just focusing ones attention on something and is not a new kind of act  [10]  or special state of consciousness  [11]  . Whilst Dickie puts forward a fairly persuasive argument against psychical distance, his description of aesthetic experiences as simple cases of attention or inattention may not be adequate in explaining what it truly is to have an aesthetic experience. If, as Dickie suggests, we reject the aesthetic attitude, one might argue that we would be unable to answer some important questions about aesthetic experience. Specifically, one might argue that the aesthetic attitude is required in order to pinpoint what exactly the judgment of taste is and what prompts us to recognise objects as aesthetic objects. Therefore, Dickies argument may be less effective in refuting the aesthetic attitude, as Bulloughs theory of distance may be closer to providing answers to such questions. Importantly, Dickie continues his argument by criticising another way of conceiving the aesthetic attitude when he discusses Jerome Stolnitzs theory which suggests that the aesthetic attitude is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦marked out by its disinterestednessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [12]  and its detachment from practical purposes. Stolnitzs definition is that it is the disinterested and sympathetic attention to and contemplation of any object of awareness whatever, for its own sake alone.  [13]  Stolnitz elaborates on this idea explaining that disinterested attention means looking at the object with no concern for any ulterior purpose.  [14]  Similarly he says that sympathetic attention means that the subject can experience the objects individual qualities with no prejudice. For Stolnitz, such an aesthetic perception involves the subjects active attention being directed at the object alone, without thinking or asking questions and being emotionally open and able to respond to it. This result s in an enhanced experience of the object which enables us to focus on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the look of the rocks, the sound of the ocean, the colours in the painting,  [15]  whilst contemplating an object with a practical perception prevents us from truly appreciating it and limits our experience of the object. Dickies criticism of Stolnitzs aesthetic attitude only really focuses on this notion of disinterested attention. Stolnitz distinguishes between disinterested attention and interested attention which he says differ according to the purpose of the attention. For example when looking at Warhols Campbell Soup Cans, if I admire it as a beautiful piece of art then I experience it with disinterested attention. On the other hand, if I look at it and think about how hungry I am and how I would like to eat the soup, I experience it with an interested attention. However, Dickie objects to Stolnitzs idea that such a difference in purpose results in a difference in attention. Dickie proposes that the concept of disinterest does nothing to explain what it means to attend to  [16]  an object. To reinforce his point, Dickie uses an example of two people listening to music with different purposes Jones with the purpose of analysing the music for an exam and Smith with no such purpose other than simply listening to it. Dickie suggests that Jones has an ulterior purpose and Smith does not, but this does not mean Joness listening differs from Smiths.  [17]  Dickie demonstrates that the only difference between the listening of Jones and Smith is their purpose and suggests that in reality there is nothing different about their attention at all. Therefore, Dickie argues that the notion of disinterestedness cannot be used to refer to a type of attention, as attention has no special attribute such as disinterest. Instead, Dickie thinks that it ca n only refer to whether attention is motivated by a purpose or not. Hence, Dickie may challenge Stolnitzs theory as he questions the validity of the concepts of interested and disinterested attention which is key to Stolnitzs whole theory of the aesthetic attitude. In addition, Dickie reinforces his argument using the example of the art critic attending a piece of art. Dickie points out that according to Stolnitzs theory, the art critic could not critique the art as well as appreciate it, as the critic has an ulterior purpose to analyse and evaluate the object he perceives.  [18]  Dickie claims that Stolnitz confuses a perceptual distinction with a motivational one  [19]  as the critic only differs from other subjects attending the art in his motives and purpose. For Dickie, this example only further highlights that it is not possible to attend to art interestedly nor disinterestedly only with or without a motive or purpose. Whilst Dickie develops a convincing argument against Stolnitzs theory of the aesthetic attitude, he does only really focus on one aspect of it disinterestedness and doesnt effectively address the idea of sympathetic attention, for example. In his argument, Stolnitz stresses the importance of considering all the aspects of his definition of the aesthetic attitude, so for this reason, Dickies attempt at challenging Stolnitzs theory may not be as successful. Furthermore, Stolnitz himself argues in response to Dickies criticism that, Leading aestheticians continue to take disinterestedness to be foundational in their thinking.  [20]  Stolnitz suggests that the incomparable longevity of the concept demonstrates its validity, as it continues to engage thought.  [21]  As engaging as the concept may be, however, this point might not succeed as an effective counter-argument to Dickie. Dickies argument convincingly refutes Bulloughs and Stolnitzs theories of the aesthetic attitude, but it may not follow that rejecting the ideas of distance and disinterestedness means that no special aesthetic attitude exists. One might argue that from the vantage point  [22]  of the subject there are a set of features that identify aesthetic experience  [23]  which, whilst difficult to describe accurately, constitute the aesthetic attitude. Furthermore, it might be argued that Dickie is more concerned with the aesthetic object than the aesthetic experience, as his own alternative for the aesthetic attitude the institutional theory of art focuses on the nature of art and how an object can become art, rather than on aesthetic experience and our response to an object. Ultimately, however, whilst there are several compelling counter-arguments in favour of the aesthetic attitude, I think that Dickies argument that it is a myth is convincing and effectively undermines both Bull oughs and Stolnitzs notions of the aesthetic attitude.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Characteristics Of Perfect Competition Economics Essay

Characteristics Of Perfect Competition Economics Essay Monopoly is a market structure that is the only sole seller of a product and large number of buyers that have no close substitution and have a high entry and exit barrier. A monopoly markethas no other firms can enter the market and compete with it to produce some good or service. For an example that gave by Vengedasalam, D., et. al. (2008, p.229) If want to subscribe television channel services, the only one will go is Astro. But if want to use Astro services, it have various options to choose from, and this industry is not a monopoly market. 2.1 Characteristics of Monopoly: Single seller in the market: Monopoly is a price maker in the firm which has the power to control the price. In the proof of the auxiliary theorem Jackson, J. (1998, p.22.5), price maker is a seller of a commodity that is able to affect the price at which a commodity sells by changing the amount it sells. No Close Substitutes:It means customer or buyers could not find any substitute for the product. If the buyer can find out, then this product is no more in monopoly. In others way to describe, a monopoly cannot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product. Restriction of entry of new firms: In a monopoly market, there are strict barriers to the entry of new firms. Barriers to entry are natural of legal restrictions that restrict the entry of new firms into the industry. Average and Marginal Revenue Curves: Under monopoly, average revenue is greater than marginal revenue. Under monopoly, if the firm wants to increase the sale it can do so only when it reduces its price. 2.2 Types of Monopoly 2.2.1 Natural Monopolies One firm can produce at a lower cost compared to what two or more firms could produce. 2.2.2 Government- Created Monopolies Government creates monopolies to prevent firms from entering into a market. This can be done through difficulty in obtaining license to operate in the market or providing patent and copyrights to a monopoly firms. There are some legal barriers that are government franchise, government license, patent, copyright and control over raw material. 2.3 Monopolys Revenue A monopolists marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good. (According from N. Gregory Mankiw, principle of microeconomics fourth edition pg. 317), shows the example how the monopolys revenue might depend on the amount of water produced. C:UsersTOSHIBADesktop123.jpg Table 1: A monopolys Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue Table 1 shows a result that is important for understanding monopoly behavior: A monopolists marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good. For monopoly, marginal revenue is lower than price because a monopoly only faces a downward-sloping demand curve. C:UsersTOSHIBADesktop123a.jpg Figure 3: Demand and Marginal-Revenue Curves for a Monopoly The demand curve shows how the quantity affects the price of a good. The marginal-revenue curve shows how the firms revenue changes when the quantity increases by 1 unit. Marginal revenue is always less than the price because the price on all units sold must fall if the monopoly increases production 2.4 Profit Maximization In this graph shows the profit maximization for a monopoly. The point of A is the intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginal-cost curve determines the profit-maximizing quantity. All this curves contain all the information we need to determine the level output that a profit-maximizing monopolist will choose. C:UsersTOSHIBADesktop123b.jpg Figure 4: Profit Maximization for a monopoly A monopoly maximizes profit by choosing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost (point A). It then  uses the demand curve to find the price that will induce consumers to buy that quantity (point B). Thus, the monopolists profit-maximizing quantity of output is determined by the intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginal-cost curve. 2.4.1 A Monopolys Profit C:UsersTOSHIBADesktopMicro Assignment diagram20130222_121054.jpg Figure 5: The monopolists Profit The area of the box BCDE equals the profit of the monopoly firm. The height of the box (BC) is price minus average total cost, which equals profit per unit old. The width of the box (DC) is the number of units sold. 3.0 Characteristics of Market Structures In a perfectly competitive market, the market structure is an interconnected feature or characteristics in which will affect the nature of competition and the price. For example, the volume and relative strength of buyers and sellers, the degree of collusion among them, level and forms of competition, the extent of product differentiation, and the ease of entry into and exit from the market. Market structures refer to the competitive environment within which a firm operates. Market structures divided into four basic types which is perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. 3.1 Perfect Competition Perfect competitive is defined as a market in which there are many buyers and sellers, the products of selling are homogeneous, and sellers can easily enter and exit from the market. 3.2.1 Characteristics of Perfect Competition Large number of buyers and sellers: Reynolds, R. L., (2005, p.2) points out that the idealized perfect competitive insures that no buyers and sellers has any power or ability to influence the price. The perfect competitive market is price takers. Products of selling are homogeneous: The firm must sell homogeneous product. The products are where the buyers could not differentiate the products of one seller to another seller. Easy enter and exit: From the research of Salvatore, D. (2009, p.245) demonstrated that resources or inputs are free to move among the various industries and locations within the market response to monetary incentives. So, there are no artificial barriers to entry into and exit from the industry. Perfect knowledge: Both of the sellers and buyers have perfect knowledge of the market. Sellers and buyers cannot influence with each others.Both of them must know the market price of the goods as given. Non-price competition: Microeconomics, 2008 Author: Dviga Vengedasalam, Karunagaran Madhavan, Rohana Kamaruddin point out the role of non-price competition is insignificant since many sellers sell the products at a fixed price and furthermore, the products are identical. The firms have no control over the price and their gods are identical, so there is no selling cost. 3.3 Monopoly Monopoly is single seller in which sell the product is unique. Thus, there are large number of buyers and selling the products that have no close substitution and have high barriers between entry and exit. For an example that gave by Vengedasalam, D., et. al. (2008, p.229) If want to subscribe home telephone services, the only one will go is Telekom Malaysia. 3.3.1 Characteristics of Monopoly Single seller in the market: Monopoly is a price maker in the firm which has the power to control the price. In the proof of the auxiliary theorem Jackson, J. (1998, p.22.5), price maker is a seller of a commodity that is able to affect the price at which a commodity sells by changing the amount it sells. No Close Substitutes: It means customer or buyers could not find any substitute for the product. If the buyer can find out, then this product is no more in monopoly. In others way to describe, a monopoly cannot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product. Strong barriers to the entry into the industry exist: In a monopoly market there is strong barrier on the entry of new firms. Monopolist faces no competition. The monopolist has absolute control over the production and sale of the commodity certain economic barriers are imposed on the entry. 3.4 Monopolistic Competition Microeconomics, 2008 Author: Dviga Vengedasalam, Karunagaran Madhavan, Rohana Kamaruddin points out that the Monopolistic competition is a market structure in which there are large numbers of small sellers differentiated products but these are close substitute products and have easy entry into and exit from the market. 3.4.1 Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition Large numbers of seller and buyers: It is less as compared to perfect competition. Because, monopolistic competition will produces different or unique products, so that they will have some control over the prices. Hence, each firm will follows an independent of the price output policy. Product differentiation:Each firm produces a product that is at least slightly different from those of other firms. For example, if coffee is sold in coffee pack only, then it is perfect competition. But, if the same coffee is mixed with chocolate packaged in a box and label as Choco-Coffee, then this product is in monopolistic competition. Easy entry and exit:This is freedom to entry of new firms, but it is not as easy as perfect competition because it needs to make some differentiate product enter the monopolistic competition. 3.5 Oligopoly According to the preservearticles.com, Oligopoly is often referred to as competition among the few. In brief oligopoly is a kind of imperfect market where there are a few firm in the market, producing either and homogeneous product or producing product which are close but not perfect substitutes of each other. 3.5.1 Characteristics of Oligopoly Few numbers of firms: The firms are few but the size of firms is large. In few firms will control the overall industry under oligopoly. For example of the oligopoly which is Unisem and Carsem. Homogeneous and differentiated product: The firms in an oligopolistic industry may produce standardized or differentiated products. For example, DIGI or U-mobile produced by one firm is identical to another firm. Mutual interdependence: The author further stated that oligopoly always consider in choosing price, sales target, advertising budgets and other. Price rigidity:According to the preservearticles.com, there is the existence price rigidity. Prices lend to be rigid and sticky. If any firm makes a price-cut it is immediately retaliated by the rival firms by the same practice of price-cut. There occurs a price-war in the oligopolistic condition. 3.7The Differences between the various characteristics with the four types of market structure The various characteristics between the four types of market structure which are Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly have been discussed. The most important of these characteristics are differentiate in which will affect the nature of competition and the price. Therefore, table 2 shows the differentiation of the characteristics of the following market structure. Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Barriers to entry Low Low High Very High Number of Producers Many Many Few One Types of product Standardized Differentiated Standardized or Differentiated Unique Example Fruit Vegetables 100 Plus Carsem Astro Table 2: Characteristics of market structure 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation As my conclusion, I think that monopoly is the best in microeconomic. This is because monopoly is a form that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes. It remains other firms cannot enter the market and complete with it.

Monday, August 19, 2019

The First Globe Theater :: essays research papers

The First Globe Theater The Globe Theater was built around 1598 in London’s Bankside district. It was one of four major theaters in the area - the others were the Swan, the Rose, and the Hope. It was an open air octagonal amphitheater that could seat up to 3, 000 spectators. The theater was three stories high, with a diameter of approximately 100 feet. The rectangular stage platform on which the plays were performed was nearly 43 feet wide and 28 feet deep. The staging area housed trap doors in its floorings and primitive rigging overhead for various stage effects. The original Globe theater was constructed by the Lord Chamberlain’s men, the acting group to which Shakespeare belonged. Before the Globe was constructed, they performed at the Blackfriar Theater in the heart of London. But having a theater in the heart of London was a bad idea because the plague caused frequent closings. After a year of closure due to the plague, the company stripped the Blackfriar to its foundation and moved the materials across the river to the Bankside. There, they proceeded to build the Globe. Their decision to do this stirred up some controversy because the Blackfriar was leased to the Lord Chamberlain’s Men. The owner, who had been away from London at the time that this was happening, filed a lawsuit against the company. But the company won the case and the theater. The Globe was destroyed by fire in 1613 when , during a production of Henry VIII, a cannon was fired above the stage to signal some important business of the play. The wadding that stuffed the cannon, which was some form of heavy cloth, was ignited by the explosion and shot up out of the auditorium and landed on the dry thatch roof. The straw caught fire and in only minutes the entire building was consumed in flame. But amazingly, not one person was killed. Here is the first verse from a sonnet about the fire that destroyed the Globe Theater- â€Å"A tearful fire began above, A wonder strange and true, And to the stagehouse did remove, As rouns as tailor’s chew; And burnt down both beam and snag And did not spare the silken flag, O sorrow, pitiful sorrow, And yet all this true.† The second Globe theater, which was rebuilt to be the most expensive and complicated in England ever built, was completed before Shakespeare’s death in 1616.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Costs and Benefits of Globalization and Localization Essay -- Globaliza

For one to understand the costs and benefits of globalization and localization one first needs to understand what each entails. Globalization is when a country involves itself into international affairs, economically, politically or even possibly culturally. Globalization expands beyond the local boundaries of a nation and spreads into other communities throughout the world. Localization is when a country chooses not to participate in global affairs and confines itself and its people from taking part in any type of involvement with any other country. This means that this country does not participate in any economic, political or culture issues with outsiders. In many articles addressing business today, one can read about the views toward globalization. Many feel as though globalization is the best process a business should pursue. This process of globalization offers a way in which countries can become involved with a nation for common interests. By using the globalization process, a country can learn new ways of technology. For example, the United States could involve itself with a country that mainly depends on farming for their economic stability and learns from them their enhanced techniques that our farmers could apply to make their crops grow better. In turn the U.S. could set up some kind of, trade with this agricultural country. Possibly, the U.S. could teach this country on how to make their economy stronger by becoming involved in the global free trade markets were they could make excellent profits on their produce. This way the United States and the agricultural country would both earn a great deal from this global involvement. This leads into another advantage for globalization, trade. Some countries have immers... ... The economy is given a chance to strengthen through trade and allies can be made with international involvement. Also important is the cultures and traditions that can be spread throughout the world when there is communication. Localization also stresses culture but it is only one culture that is being observed. Nationalism is very important for a country and gives its people pride but there does not need to be seclusion from the rest of the world. For the economy, there is a better chance for jobs and facilities to be started within a country that has a global economy booming. All in all I believe the benefits for globalization out way those of localization but it is very important that a country gets involved in globalization but also includes localization in some ways as well. Work Cited Rosenau , James. The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization

Civilize The Wilderness :: essays research papers

Civilize the Wilderness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wilderness, why civilize it? This is an interesting question, and one that is hard to answer. Why not just leave the wilderness alone, and let it grow and decide it's own beginnings and ends? Does civilizing the wilderness make it better or worse? In what ways is it better or worse if we leave it alone or it we civilize it? These are all excellent questions and are all worthwhile to think about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Western culture has tried to civilize the wilderness for quite sometime now, but is it really something we should be doing? In the point of view of many, the wilderness should be civilized to accommodate for the increasing number of people in the world. We should also civilize it because we need the extra room and because we cannot live in uncivilized areas of the wilderness, at least not with all of the comforts of home. What effects will civilizing the wilderness now have in the future? Many questions can arise when contemplating civilizing the wilderness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wilderness is being civilized for one main reason. That reason is technology. Technology plays an important role in everyone's lives today. Without it, we would not have computers, fax machines, cellular phones, and all of the modern conveniences that we have today. The fact is, that many people believe that the wilderness is like an unborn country. A country that has nothing and is striving to become more advanced. We see this as an opportunity to better it and make it seem like we are actually helping. But, are we really helping? In my opinion, no. I feel that we are destroying something natural and something of beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many ways we are making the wilderness worse by civilizing it. We put unnatural objects into the wilderness, and it destroys the wilderness' natural beauty. Thoreau's ideal is to pretty much leave the wilderness as it is. If you need to inhabit it, don't use anything that does not come from within it. For example, Thoreau built his cabin from the trees that were in the wilderness that surrounded it. In this way, civilizing the wilderness is okay. The way we are civilizing it, is not okay. Too just clear-cut an entire forest, then build a house, an in ground swimming pool, and put up a satellite dish, is not exactly ideal to keeping the wilderness natural.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To destroy the beauty of the wilderness by civilizing it in the way that

Saturday, August 17, 2019

A Research On Baby Boomer

The term baby boomer refers to the period between 1946 and the early part of the 1960s, after the World War 2, where there are high rate of childbirth. During this period, there was baby boom. The incidence of child control through pill was not yet in vogue at this period. Following the great devastating impact of the WW2 on countries populations, the need increase the populations size was encouraged by government of countries and family clans. This results in the boom of childbirth. Thus, the demographic statistics of countries continued to be on the increase during this period.The decline of child birth through birth control pills and other contraceptives brought to the end of the period of baby boomer. In United States, contraceptive pills were introduced during 1965. and this period is regularly referenced as the period of the end of baby boom. The baby boomer term has being applied to marketing conceptualization. There is a group of characters with similar attitude and age grade refers to as baby boomer. In his book ‘Marketing to Leading-Edge Baby Boomers’, Brent Green (2003) conceptualize baby boomers as those born in the period between 1946 and 1955 who have a generational cohort or unit that is self defining.They conceive themselves as those born at the height of the Vietnam war. The second grouping of baby boomer according to Green is those conceived in the mid 1950s to the mid 1960s. Thus, from this classification we can group the baby boomers into older boomers , and those that are described as the younger boomers. The demographic of this group he termed as trailing-edge boomers. Thus, 77 million of baby boomers formed the first mass market for advertisers to grab their professional prowess in the American market. As consumers, baby boomers behave like kids, preferring to watch television shows, buying baby foods like cereals for breakfast.They also posses adult characteristics which sees them setting trends. The aging of baby boomers in their 50s and 60s provides marketers new opportunity into creating products to satisfy these peculiar consumers through adequate market segmentation analysis and planning. WHAT DO THE BABY BOOMER WANT IN CLOTHING There are diverse group forming the baby boomers; however, they share some similar characteristics when it comes to taste for clothing, and the choice of satisfaction derived from consuming specific products.The 78 million baby boomers still have a great dominance on the U. S. market. Marketers and retailers have being accused in treating this group as homogenous; sharing same preferences and taste. Researches has shown that baby boomers have different taste for their clothing, from those of other generation breeds. The difference lies in the preference for qualities of cloth comfort, value, and quality, authentic products and ethnic materials. The baby boomers have more interest for fashionable clothing material.According to a survey conducted to see the difference betwee n baby boomers and other general taste for clothing, all respondents placed high importance on fair trade philosophy that has to do with wages, workplace, and their environment. On the other hand, the generational cohorts (baby Boomers) have more inclination towards wearing ethnic attire, which forms their main intension to buy from the fair (Littrel et al, 2005, pg 407). Furthermore, baby boomers have move value for clothing details in order to generate information that has to do with the cloth relativity to comfort, value and quality.The female baby bombers are showing more signs and preference for selecting and choosing their clothing than generations before them. They prefer to select garment based on the style and ethnic attire. They then rate the clothing material to enable them get the best satisfaction from utilizing this cloth. However, it has being argued in recent researches that there is a declining rate in baby boomers for garment, in recent years, however, their prefer ence for denim jeans still remain unchanged.Furthermore, the baby boomers are now declining their interest in shopping for apparel from the stores, as they are now increasing their interest in electronic cloth buying. THE PRODUCTS THE BABY BOOMERS WOULD WANT AND PREFER TO SPEND THEIR MONEY ON. The baby Boomers are now aging, where the youngest among these generational cohorts are in their 50s. Thus, as elderly they would need pharmaceutical products to keep them fit and healthy. This older generational group would need to consume more nutritional supplements products that would argument their feeding habit. Many pharmaceutical companies in U.S. see this generational group as a potential market to sell their nutritional and supplements products and drugs. As this group like to remain young and avoid aging they would require more of nutritional products and this food supplements to keep them healthy and young. Furthermore, the baby boomers that are now in their elderly age would be in need of thick attire that would keep them warm during period of winter and heavy snowfalls. In their eating habit in additional to the nutritional food supplement, they would be need less of fatty and protein food, but more of vitamins.Thus, they would need more of vegetables, white meat, and fish. They will want food that will aid them in maintaining their gene and DNA. Though they do not like stereotyping and aging, thus organization would have to be extra careful not to be caught arousing the other side of this group. The housing preference for this group of people would be in a quite locality with more gardens and natural settings. The countryside would be more of a better place for recreation for this category of people than taking them to Las Vegas and New York to view noisy and hotspot centres.This group would also be spending their more on artificial aids like artificial hips and knees to help them with weakness in joints and knees. Thus, these artificial aids market would be having more boom has this aging group continue to count more years to their age. The baby boomers would also like to spend their money more on products that would aid them to fight aging. Thus, anti-aging products would be a market target for these generational cohorts. Unilever Plans For Capitalising On Baby Boomers Unilever is a multinational corporation with well-established branches in US, Europe Africa and other continents.It products ranges from confectionaries, fast foods, beverages, noodles etc. Unilever products are made for both the old and the younger. In the company quest to provide effective products that would satisfy the baby boomers, it has researched on the shopping pattern of this group. The study had baffled other executive why Unilever is studying the shopping pattern of this group. The research and study of Unilever on this group has made it discovered that the average baby boomer seems to have a hearing aid fixed into their ears than they would prefer an ipo d earpiece.Thus, the company is seeking for way to manufacture product that would adequately satisfy this group, and at the same time capitalizing on the opportunities that is untapped with this population This pattern adopted by Unilever has reawakened the need for other organizations to study this group and develop products to meet their needs. Unilever invested more on researches and have planned to re-brand their products with the view of having foresight to satisfy consumers’ wants. This strategy it has adopted for the baby boomers. McDonald Company Plans on Capitalizing on this PopulationMcDonalds is a world fast food organization with branches and franchised centres in every continent in the world. The company have also developed plans for the elderly group constituting the baby boomers. The company sees the financial and investment prowess of able businesspersons and entrepreneurs in baby boomers. Thus, it has opened up a portal in its website to encourage and direct baby boomers on ways to get franchise in establishing outlets with McDonald’s company name. McDonalds know that these are mostly retired executives, and thus have accumulated enough retirement funds to enable them buy franchised.Thus, by opening this portal (America’s Best Frachises) in its website it has made it each for baby boomers to know the steps to follow in acquiring franchise from the company. Furthermore, McDonalds has entered into partnership with Guidant Financial Systems in order to make the financial process for the franchising easy and smooth. Furthermore, McDonalds in 2000 invested $1. 8 billion to open 800 new outlets in its plans to attract patrons beyond young people to designing program that would be adequate and appealing to baby boomers.Thus, the company took an holistic approach in making sure every category of its customers including baby boomers are adequately cared for and attracted to its interior and external features in every of its restaur ants. REFERENCES Brent Green (2003) Marketing to Leading-Edge Baby Boomers. New York: Writers Advantage Littrell, Mary A. , et al (2005) â€Å"Generation X, baby Boomers, and Swing: marketing Fair Trade Apparel† Vol. 9 Number 4. Thompson Anne (2005), â€Å"Baby Boomers Create New marketing Frontiers† in NBC News, March 16.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Analysis Of Bill T Jones Choreographic Pieces Art Essay

Bill T. Jones is a galvanizing choreographer with an tickle pinking presence and personal appeal. His digest of â€Å" Solos † includes â€Å" Tea for Two † , â€Å" Ionization † , and â€Å" Chaconne † . All different from each other are word pictures of Jones ‘ emotions and organic structure motions to their extremes. Giving a brief account to each, â€Å" Tea for Two † is a word picture of emotions like desire and love, while â€Å" Ionization † has an utmost engagement of strong music, motion, and looks which depict force, and eventually, â€Å" Chaconne † is a aflicker public presentation that displays the engagement of artistic techniques and music insinuating a certain narrative, or feeling. This paper is an mentality of Jones ‘ work, particularly in these public presentations, and how each public presentation is an artistic representation of a certain subject. The classical vocal â€Å" Tea for Two † is what Bill T. Jones ‘ public presentation is based upon. It is a solo which he presents twice ; one time on the steps, and following in a studio. On the other manus, as a witness I have realized that differences in the scene may take to a huge differentiation between two public presentations. First, â€Å" Tea for Two: On the Stairs. † The public presentation is a word picture of love, freewill, and desire. I have felt that Jones performs with his full ardor on the streets out to observe. Besides, the wordss sung by Blossom Dearie speak for themselves as the terpsichorean is blissful and content about the house created for him and his lover off from the busy life of the metropolis. As a witness, I have felt that it is a romantic lay dance where Jones is conveying to his audience that he is happy sing being entirely with his loved 1 with no 1 to trouble oneself them enabling them to hold tea for two and basking it without any break.Besides, I have realized that Jones ‘ free manner of dancing reflects his freedom and peaceableness. The daylight tends to capture the kernel of love and felicity, while his facial looks are of a happy adult male content with his life and life. In this dance sequence, the infinite is to the full utilised with no sets, or props to up set the construct of freedom he is seeking to convey to the audience. A really natural and clean public presentation, which shows what small felicity in life, along with a loved one, can make to a human being.Furthermore, traveling on to â€Å" Tea for Two: In the Studio † . Although Jones had performed the piece twice on the same music, the difference in the scene gave the dance another feeling. I felt that Jones is non executing with the same kernel, or power. Besides, I believe that his public presentation in the studio constrained him ; impeded him from traveling freely, unlike his public presentation on the stepss where you could experience the positive energy shimmering from every motion and line Jones had made. Furthermore, â€Å" Do you think I ‘ll do a soldier, every unit of ammunition goes higher and higher, do you desire to hold your freedom? † are the words of Bill T. Jones which he added after his public presentation to the piece in the studio. To me , this altered the temper after watching the public presentation as Jones left the audience in deep ideas ; besides, as a witness, I did non to the full understand the purpose of such a quotation mark ; nevertheless, it could be that Jones is dubious while mentioning to â€Å" himself † as a soldier, and questionable sing geting his freedom as he pictures it with his loved one. Traveling on to another dramatic piece by Bill T. Jones entitled â€Å" Ionization † . â€Å" Ionization † is a piece choreographed to a authoritative music composing by Edgar Varese, and this dance piece is an first-class synchronism of different instruments with the moves of the organic structure. Besides, as a witness, the dance is an ionisation of the human organic structure to different beats in life and is besides built on the premiss of how a organic structure moves to the most sensitive differentiations of assorted sorts of percussive sounds. Different instruments such as the bass and the membranophones are a pleasance to hear when synchronized to the soft and comforting sounds of the piano and the saxophone. Besides, as a witness, I was awakened with the African like beats, every bit good as, beats similar to the boom of a king of beasts and Sirens leting Jones to switch within the infinite utilizing stronger motions harmonizing to the round of the instruments. Furthermore, I consider this solo public presentation by Jones really much attending catching as the manner he communicated with his audience through his facial looks was outstanding ; besides, the manner he switched fleetly from one look to another, yet holding full control to do such switches apparent was like an expert done. Furthermore, force could be seen bit by bit in the public presentation from the beginning to the terminal from his crisp stomp like motions to his facial looks with conformity to the music played. However, although Jones ‘ public presentation to the full caught my attending, the music he chose for such a sequence was someway ruling doing me concentrate in certain parts with the music played instead than Jones while executing. Additionally, â€Å" Chaconne † is framed around spoken text and the music of Bach ‘s D-Minor Partita for Solo Violin. This solo public presentation accompanied by Bach ‘s D Minor Partita could be about Jones ‘ personal memories accompanied by the visual aspect of written text on screen about a close friend of him, or it could be dedicated to his female parent. Furthermore, I believe that the text is straight related to the sad and painful moves of Jones in the dance sequence. Besides, the text helped me as a witness understand the temper of the performing artist and grok the intent of the dance sequence as it felt that Jones was someway portraying the individual in torment, or retrieving how she felt during her blink of an eye of hurting, particularly during the portion while he was on the floor with his manus organizing a bosom like form and the text looking. Furthermore, the music, which is wholly a mix of fiddles, added to the softness of the public prese ntation. Although there is a immense difference between Jones ‘ four public presentations, I have liked â€Å" Chaconne † the most as I have felt that it reflects certain concealed emotions within him which he is able to merely reflect through dance and concealed address. Last but non least, it is hard to compare between two profound choreographers such as Bill T. Jones and Merce Cunningham ; nevertheless, I have admired Jones ‘ manner most as to me he managed to portray original modern-day dance and stage dancing. Although Merce Cunningham is a innovator in modern-day dance, and I am non a guru in such a field to to the full show my sentiment ; nevertheless, that is what I have realized after watching several pieces by both choreographers. Bill T. Jones is an keen performing artist and choreographer who is able to catch clasp of his audiences attending from the minute he starts dancing. Besides, his ability to set up stage dancing with clear messages sent is an property which I find important. Bill T. Jones is genuinely adept in his field of expertness, and truly has the ability to maintain his audience engaged wherever and whenever he performs.